Notes Flashcards
The cell membrane is the _______ into the cell, and must allow needed things such as nutrients into the cell without letting them escape
Gateway
True or false: all membranes in all organisms are made the same
True
The model of all membranes in all organisms are made the same is called the
Fluid Mosaic Model
In the Fluid Mosaic Model, a ____________ is a carbohydrate chain attached to the phospholipid
Glycolipid
In the fluid mosaic model, a ________ is a carbohydrate chain attached to a protein
Glycoprotein
A ___________ protein stabilize and give shape to the membrane
Perioheral
An _______ protein ( is a carrier protein) moves laterally, side to side
Integral
Fluid Mosaic model tells us the membrane consists of a double layer of _________ molecules
Phospholipid
The phospholipid double layer has a consistency of __________
Light oil/ oil ~ fluid
Proteins wholly (________) or partially (________) embedded in a phospholipid bilayer form a ________ pattern
Integral
Peripheral
Mosaic
_________ strung together in chains are attached to the cell membrane
Carbohydrates
Glycyl proteins and glycolipids are attached to the phospholipid by layer of the membrane they function as _________ for cell recognition. Meaning they help immune system identify which cells belong to body and which are invaders
Identification markers
All carbohydrates chains on a cell membrane are collectively called
Glycocalyx
What does selectively permeable mean
Means some items are allowed
The membrane is _________ ___________ to the molecules entering the cell while other molecules which can be the same size are not allowed to enter. The cell membrane can discriminate between different molecules that are the same size!
selectively permeable
How many types of proteins are there
5
Name the five types of proteins
Channel, carrier, cell recognition, receptor, enzymatic
What protein uses ATP to pump items in and out of the cell membrane
Carrier
Which protein is like a tunnel
Channel
Which protein recognizes the foreign and local things
Cell recognition
Which proteins has an example of Insulin, or a liver/muscle cell
Receptor
There are ______ general means by which substances can enter and exit cells
Three
One way of entering and exiting cells is called _________, an example of it are: lipid soluble molecules, water, and gases
Diffusion
Another way of entering and exiting cells is called _________ ___ ______, examples would be sugars and amino acids and ions
Transport by carriers
Another type of way to enter and exit cells, examples are macromolecules, which are proteins, and bacteria and viruses
Endocytosis and exocytosis
________ is a physical process that can be observed with any type of particle. A universal phenomenon
Diffusion
The law of diffusion is that particles move from the area of 1.______ concentration to the area of 2._______ concentration until equally distributed
- higher
2. lower
Diffusion is a _______ process, which means no ATP is needed
passive
The rate of diffusion is affected by the 1.__________ ________, which is the difference in concentration of the diffusing molecules between the two regions, the size and 2._______ of the molecules, and the 3.________
- Concentration gradient
- Shape
- Temperature
Name the three ways of increasing the rate of diffusion
Increase the temperature, increase the concentration gradient, decrease the size of the diffusing molecules
The properties of the cell membrane allow a few types of molecules to pass by diffusion: lipid soluble molecules like _________ and ________ can diffuse directly across because the membrane itself is made of lipids
Steroids and alcohol
_______ diffuses readily across the membrane, even thought it is not lipid-soluble. It probably goes through charged, protein-lined pores in the membrane that will not let anything else but it through
Water
The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane is a special case of diffusion called
Osmosis
A ______ is a substance that is being dissolved in a solvent
Solute
A _______ is a fluid which is used to dissolve a solute
Solvent
A _______ is a homogeneous mixture created when solutes are dissolved in a solvent
Solution
If salt is dissolving in water, identify the solute, solvent, and solution
The salt is the solute, water is the solvent, and when salt is the dissolved in the water then it will combine to be the solution
__________ pressure is the pressure due to the flow of water from the area of greater concentration to the area of lesser concentration
Osmotic
True or false, the greater the concentration difference across the membrane, the greater the osmotic pressure
True
____________ pressure = pressure exerted due to the weight of the liquid
Hydrostatic
____________ occurs when osmotic pressure is the same as hydrostatic pressure
Equilibrium
It’s cellular systems, _______ can move easily across membranes, but other molecules can’t. Therefore it can only move and follow the law of diffusion, which is that it will move from where it is more concentrated to where it is less concentrated
Water
A solution which has a lesser number of solute molecules per volume than the cell is called a
Hypotonic solution
A solution which has the same number of solute molecules per volume of the cell is called a
Isotonic solution
A solution which has a greater number of solute molecules per volume is called a
Hypertonic solution
What solution has no net movement of water across the membrane, as well as equal number of solute molecules per unit volume
Isotonic
Cells placed in this solution neither gain or lose water. One example is a 0.9% solution of NaCl is _______ to red blood cells
Isotonic
What solution has a greater concentration of solute then the cell. If a cell is placed in the solution, water will leave the cell and the cell will shrivel up
Hypertonic
When a hypertonic solution makes a cell shrivel up, it is called __________ in red blood cells
Crenation
A solution which has a lesser concentration of solute in the cell contents is called a 
Hypotonic solution
If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution water will enter the cell and it will ______ and maybe _________
Swell
Lyse
Hypertonic solutions causes __________ shrinking of cell due to osmosis
Plasmolysis
In hypertonic solutions with plant cells, the __________ _______ loses water, cell membrane shrinks and pulls away from the cell wall
Central vacuole
Hypotonic solutions causes ________ ____________, against the rigid cell wall
Turgor pressure
Turgor pressure occurs when 1._______ cells, placed in a hypotonic solution, admitting water. As water enters, pressure builds up inside the cell resulting in turgor pressure
Plant
Turgor pressure important for plant cells to retain ______ positions. the cells have to be rigid to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis
Erect
Transport by carriers utilizes _________ or ________ proteins in cell membrane to control passage of molecules in and out of the cell
Carrier or Channel
Carrier proteins are __________, as they pass only one type of molecule each
Specific
When transporting by carriers, molecules only pass along _____________ __________
Concentration gradient
Does transport by carriers require ATP?
No
Transport by carriers explains how lipid insoluble molecules like __________ and __________ cross the cell membrane
Glucose and amino acid
True or False: Active Transport is a type of way for substances to get in and out of cells
True
Active transport is performed by ________ proteins
Carrier
Unlike transport by carrier, active transport needs ________(Atp)
Energy
In active transport molecules move from an area of 1.________ concentration to an area of 2._______ concentration
- Lower
2. Higher
