Notecards

Question 0

Italian-born navigator who found fame when he landed in the americas(October 17, 1492)
Set sail on behalf of Spain on three ships: the niña, the pinta, and the Santa Mrrina
Originally sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean to find a water route to Asia
Thought he found the land that he sought and believed the America’s were an extension of china
Returned with riches and gold, encouraging future expiditions

Answer 0

Christopher Columbus

Question 1

Italian member of a Portuguese expedition
Explored South America
Occasionally suggested that the expedition had found a “New World”
After an account of his 1497 expedition was published, a cartographer mistakenly thought that he led the expedition and before Columbus, so he named the “New World” America

Answer 1

America Vespucci

Question 2

Commitment between Spain and Portugal in 1493
Created a Papal line of Democration, which divided the east of this line for Portugal and west for Spain
Affected colonization in Africa and South America

Answer 2

Treaty of Tordesillas

Question 3

Spain’s tighby controlled empire in the new world
Mainly located in north and Central America
To deal with labor shortages, te Spanish developed a system of large manors(encomiendas) using Native American spaces under conquistadors
With the death of Native American slaves, spaniards began importing African slaves.

Answer 3

New Spain

Question 4

Prevailing economic philosophy of the 1600s that held that colonies existed to serve the mother country
Founded on the belief that one nations gain was another’s loss
Each nations goal was to export more than it imported(duh)
Those who followed this theory believed economic activity should be regulated by the government

Answer 4

Mercantilism

Question 5

Protestant success to England’s Queen Mary
Popular leader and the first woman to successfully hold the throne
Invested in English raids on the Spanish new world; Spain responded with the Spanish Armada
Established Protestantism in England
Encouraged business
1533-1603

Answer 5

Queen Elizabeth

Question 6

What is an armada and why is it significant?

Answer 6

1588 fleet assembled by king Phillip II of Spain to invade England
Defeated by the skill of British military leaders and by rough seas during the assault
England’s victory over Spanish forces was one of the great achievements of queen Elizabeth I, as it established England as an emerging sea power
It’s defeat helped bring about the decline of the Spanish empire

Question 7

Types of colonies in the new world

Answer 7

In a charter colony, colonists were essentially members of a corporation and electors, among the colonists controlled the government based on an agreed-upon charter.
A royal colony had a governor selected by England’s king
The over of served in the leadership role and chose additional, lower-ranking officers
Proprietary colonies were owned by individuals with direct responsibility to the king; each proprietor selected a governor, who served as the authority figure for the colony

Question 8

English Puritanism

Answer 8

Movement by those who wished to reform the Church of England to be more in line with their ideology
Though long Henry VIII had set out to separate his own Church of England from papal authority, many Roman Catholic traditions and practices remained
Puritans rejected these Roman Catholic holdovers and sought to make the English church “pure”
Puritans held Calvinists beliefs, such as a predestination and the authority of scripture over papal authority
Puritanism echoed throughout American culture in the ideas of self-reliance, moral fortitude, and an emphasis on intellectualism

Question 9

What is the joint stock company?

Answer 9

A type of business structure used by some colonial explorers to raise money for their expeditions
These private trading companies sold shades to investors who provided start-up funding
In return for taking on the risk of the investment, investors were paid based on the profits of the expedition
Many modern business structures, such as the American corporation, are founded on these principles

Question 10

The joint-stock company that ran the colonies in fort orange and in new Amsterdam, Which later became New York
Carried on a profitable fur trade with the Native American Iroquois
Instituted the Larson system in which large estates were given were given to wealthy men who transported at least 50 families to new Netherland to tend the land(although few seized the opportunity).

Answer 10

Dutch west India company

Question 11

1587- selected Roanoke island as a site for the first English settlements turned to England
Returned I England to secure additional supplies, but the colony deserted upon his return; it is not known what became of the Roanoke settlers
Raleigh Abandoned His attempts to colonize Virginia after the failure at Roanoke
Held back by a lack of financial resources and the war with Spain, English colonization in America was impeded for 15 years.

Answer 11

Sir Walter Raleigh

Question 12

At. Augustine, Florida

Answer 12

1598- French Protestants(Huguenots) went to the new world to freely practice their religion, and they items a colony in this modern-day city
Spain, which oversaw Florida, reacted violently to the Huguenots because they were trespassers and because they were viewed as heretics by the Catholic Church
Spain sent a force to the settlement and massacred the fort’s inhabitants
The settlement here is considered to be the first permanent European settlement in what would become the U.S.

Question 13

Jamestown

Answer 13

Established in 1607- it was named for James I(1566-1625), queen Elizabeth’s successor in England
James I granted charters for charter colonies in the new world
In 1607, the Virginia company of London settled this site that claims it was the first permanent English settlement
Swampy location led to disease and contaminated water sources
Despite its location and hostile relations with the NA, John smith’s harsh charismatic leadership of the colony helped keep it from collapsing
In 1619, African Slavs arrived here, becoming the first group of slaves to reach a British settlement

Question 14

From 1609-1610, this was a period of starvation endured by the Jamestown colonists
The colonists depended upon trade from the local NA for their food supplies
A series of conflicts between the colonists and NA limited the colonists’ ability to trade for supplies and to farm their own food
A large number of colonists died and others tried to sail to England however boats arriving with supplies from England intercepted the colonists forced them to return to jamestown
Additional support from England, the development of new industries, and the creation of new trade partnerships helped ensure the settlement’s long term survival

Answer 14

The starving time

Question 15

Indentured servitude

Answer 15

Poor workers, convicted criminals, and debtors received immigration passage and fees in return for a number of years at labor on behalf of a planter or company
Servants entered into their contracts voluntarily and kept some legal rights
However, servants had little I from over the conditions of their work and living arrangements and the system led to harsh and brutal treatment
It remained the predominant system of labor until the 1670s, bacon’s rebellion made the practice seem more risky to planters and owners, and improving economic conditions in England decreased the supply of servants
Many owners relied on slave labor instead

Question 16

John Rolfe

Answer 16

English colonist in Jamestown, VA
married Pocahontas
Created process for cured tobacco, ensuring economic success for Jamestown

Question 17

First Representative house in Virginia
Election to a seat was limited to voting members of the charter colony which at first was all free men, later rules required that a man own at least 50 acres of land to vote
Instituted the private ownership of land but maintained the rights if colonists

Answer 17

House of burgesses

Question 18

System used by Virginia company
Promised parcels of if you immigrated to America
Also gave nearly 50 acres for each servant that a colonist brought, allowing the wealthy to obtain large tracts of land
The system solidified the use of indentured servitude for the time being

Answer 18

Headright system

Question 19

These were puritans who believed the church of England was beyond saving and felt that they must break away from it
One group suffered harassment from the government and fled to holland and then to America
Members of this group traveled on the mayflower and became known as the “pilgrims”, a term used for voyagers seeking to fulfill a religious mission
The mayflower set sail from Plymouth, England in September 1620 and landed in Provincetown harbor, settled in what became Plymouth, Massachusetts
Formed mayflower compact
William Bradford led them

Answer 19

Separatists and Plymouth

Question 20

Joint-stock company chartered by a group of puritans escaping king James I
Led by John Winthrop who taught that the new colony should be a model of Christian society
These puritans carefully organized their venture and did not undergo a starving time
The government included a governor and a representative assembly

Answer 20

Massachusetts bay colony

Question 21

First settlement there was Dutch, and was destroyed by NA attacks
The Dutch west India company and Dutchmen, including Peter Minuit, began to trade and settle in 1630s
Between 1664 and 1674 the power of this state switched to England
The first English ownership was in 1670

Answer 21

Delaware

Question 22

This current state became the first proprietary colony to serve as a refuge for English Catholics
George Calvert(lord Baltimore) applied for the charter to create the province
His son, caecilius, helped establish a representative assembly
Passed act of toleration in 1649, guaranteeing religious freedom go all Christians in the colony and set an important precedent for later characterization of the u.s. and the constitution

Answer 22

Maryland

Question 23

Claimed to have special revelations from God that superseded the bible, contrary to roman doctrine
New England leadership accused her of antinomian teachings, which is the belief that salvation is attained through faith and divine grace and not through strict adherence to rules or moral laws
Banished from Massachusetts bay colony
With her followers in 1638 she founded Portsmouth in what is now Rhode Island

Answer 23

Anne Hutchinson

Question 24

He was a Puritan preacher who fled Massachusetts after his views on religious observances became too extreme for the colonists
Bought land from the NA and founded Providence in 1636

Answer 24

Roger Williams

Question 25

This state formed as a combination of providence, Portsmouth, and other settlements that had sprung up in the area
Through roger Williams, the entire colony gained religious toleration
Tenses to be populated by exiles and troublemakers, nicknamed “rouges island”
Suffered constant political turmoil

Answer 25

Rhode Island

Question 26

English civil war

Answer 26

Conflict based on struggle between King Charles I and the English parliament
Charles claimed to rule by divine right: parliament argued that its membership had rights that were separate from those granted to the king
Parliaments members were mostly Puritan and had the backing of the merchant class and lesser land owners
Wealthy nobles tended to support Charles I, who opposed puritans on questions of religion
Led to outright conflict between Charles I between royalist military forces and forces opposing Charles I
Parliaments victory in 1651 resulted in the trial and execution of Charles I and the exile of his son Charles I
The English monarchy was replaced with the commonwealth of England and then with a protectorate under Oliver Cromwells rule

Question 27

Thomas hooker led a large group of puritans to settle in this modern state after a slight religious disagreement with the leadership of Massachusetts
The major colonies along the Connecticut river valley agreed to unit as this state
In 1639, the colony formed a set of laws known as the fundamental orders; these laws provided for representative government by those who were permitted to vote
When the corporate colony was established and recognized by England, it’s charter was founded on the fundamental orders
The fundamental orders are an important example of the growth of political democracy

Answer 27

Connecticut

Question 28

King Charles I rewarded loyal noblemen with these lands after the 20-year Puritan revolution in England
In hopes of attracting settlers, the proprietors planned for a hierarchical society
They experimented with silk manufacturing and with crops such as rice and indigo, but this proved unworkable so the region grew slowly
Large groups of colonists have come from Barbados and the form of slavery that this group employed was very harsh
While the northern section became a separate colony in 1792, the same proprietors retained ownership
Rebellion against the proprietors in 1719 led to royal interventions and both the sections become royal colonies in 1729

Answer 28

The Carolinas

Question 29

Last Dutch governor of the region was Peter Stuyvesant
After the British conquered the Dutch lands in America, English King Charles II gave the title to the lands between New England an Maryland to his brother James, duke of this place
James was adamantly opposed to representative assemblies
Residents continued to call for self-government and James relented only when he became king James II
The region that would become this other state was ruled as a separate propriety colony, it eventually became a royal colony

Answer 29

New York and New Jersey

Question 30

They believed human religious institutions were largely unnecessary
They thought they could receive revelation directly from God and placed little importance in the Bible
They were pacifists and declined to show customary deference to their alleged social superiors
Their aggressiveness in denouncing established institutions brought them trouble in both Britain and America
They opposed slavery and favored decent treatment of NA
elements of this culture would play a role in shaping the characterization of a US that valued independence and social equality

Answer 30

Quakers

Question 31

Founded Pennsylvania as a refuge for his fellow Quakers
Advertised his colony widely in Europe and offered generous terms on land
Guaranteed a representative assembly and full religious freedom
Settlers flocked to Pennsylvania from all over Europe

Answer 31

William penn

Question 32

Black slaves in the 1600s

Answer 32

Only a small percentage of the population
About the same size as indentured servants
Later in the century importation picked up
They were called “chattel”
Seen as lifelong property whose status would be inherited by their children

Question 33

He was a major English political philosopher of the enlightenment
Newton theorized this law in the realm of science, and he followed him, trying to identify this law in the human realm
Prior to him, there existed a theory of social contract in which people would accept certain restrictions on themselves for the benefit of their society, and these restrictions would be upheld by a sovereign power
His assertion of this law changed the perspective of the social contract theory,he believed that if life, liberty and property weren’t protected, governments could be overthrown justly
His ideas became the indirect theory of American political activity for leaders like Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson

Answer 33

John Locke and natural law

Question 34

Created as a result of mercantilism
European merchants purchased African slaves with goods manufacturers in Europe or imported from Asian colonies
These merchants sold commodities like sugar, cotton, and tobacco
Commodities were later sold in Europe and North America
Trades thrived

Answer 34

Triangular trade

Question 35

Dictated that certain goods shipped from a new world port were to go only to Britain or another new world port
Came out of the mercantilism policy
Was the basis of England’s worldwide commercial system
A weapon and benefit for all of Britain and occasional new world colonies at the expense of others
Led to increased tension between Britain and the colonies

Answer 35

Navigation acts

Question 36

Effects of navigation acts

Answer 36

English trade increased

Dutch trade decreased

Question 37

Revolution of a colonial frontiersman who objected to Virginia’s wealthy inner circle and their inabilities to protect colonials from NA invasions
Rebelled in Virginia and set fires and such

Answer 37

(Nathaniel) bacons rebellion

Question 38

This state established originally as a royal colony by King Charles I
Early American colony

Answer 38

New Hampshire