note test 1 Flashcards
primitive stage of psychology
- spirits and visions of one’s own self
- phenomena of nature= occurrences of good and evil spirits
- god formed clans
early greek contributions
- used analogies, not scientific investigation
- attained high culture
- philosophy, arts, and literature
plato
- everyone’s soul is modeled after the city-state system
- reason rules over desire
- evil is caused by revolt of the lower elements against reason
aristotle
earliest greek closest to true scientist
medieval approach to truth finding
- middle ages believed all truth and knowledge from bible
- aristotle= source of information
- galileo
galileo
- disliked by greek philosophers/church
- true scientist
- true scientific investigation by discovery of telescope invention
renaissance era
- when modern sciences began to develop
- began with middle ages
- Farncis Bacon= social psychologist
Francis Bacon
- social psychology
- advocated empirical/practical study of the influence of habit, friendship, education, praise, other factors of human behavior
Descartes mind-body theory
- made more direct influence on psychological development
- doubted all except the fact of his own existence
- sharp division btwn physical world and mind
- mind and body interact at pineal gland; located at the base of the brain
Descartes “I think therefore I am”
- believed ideas were put into his mind by god
- didn’t trust his senses
Dewey
- challenged Descartes
- concluded it was a drastic mistake to separate mind and body
Von Helmholtz
- experimental physiologist
- measured speed of nerve impulses
speed of nerve impulses
200 mph
theory of color vision and musical tone
von helmholtz
psychophysics (fechner)
- foundation for experimental psychology
- primarily concerned/defined as study of determining the relationships btwn “physical characteristics of stimuli” and sensations they produce
fechner
- mid 19th century
- father of psychophysics
sciences that contributed to the field of psycholgy
physiology biology neurology genetics embryology sociology anthropology
psychology
science and the study of human behavior
first experimental laboratory in leipzig, germany
wilhelm wundt 1879
heredity x time x environment= development level
behavioral science
4 main schools of psychology
structuralists functionalists behavioralists gestalt psychoanalysis
structuralists
- wundt; science is the study of the conscious experience
- Titchener (student of Wundt) became leader of american psychology as prof at Cornall universtiy
functionalists
- led by dewey in 1900
- psychology: study of man’s adjustment to his environment
- william james= first american born psychologist. wrote “the principles of psychology” aka “bible of psych”
behaviorists
- watson and thorndike & pavlov
- studied man’s overt behavior which they believed was determined by complex system of independent stimulus response connections
overt behavior
behavior visible to eye
gestalt
- founded by Max Werteheimer, Kohler, and Koffka
- psychology should study patterns of behavior or experience
“whole is worth more than the sum of the parts”
gestalt psych
psychoanalysis
- founded by freud
- unconscious mental processes
- early childhood experiences, unconscious motivation, psychosexual stages, structure of the personality
neoanalysts
psychodynamic therapists that examine man’s nature, spiritual crises
new schools of psychology
- stimulus-response psychology
- cognitive psychology
- humanities psychology
- new functionalists-based schools
stimulus response psychology
- bf skinner
- chiefly intersted in learning process
- revised and expanded watson’s ideas
cognitive psychology
- jean piaget
- concerned with the qualities that distinguish humans from other animals
humanities psychology
- carl rogers; leader, sponsor of client-centered therapy
- abraham maslow; self actualization principle
new functionalists-based schools
- francis galton; human abilities and individual differences
- will james; mental life, functions of mental life
building blocks of psyhcology
s-r
psychologists
look upon man as a organism made up of different parts which work together so they can meet demands made on them
psychology concerns itself with:
adjustive behavio by which man ttempts to meet these demands, whether they derive from biological needs or social origin
man functions as a whole person
organism as a whole in an environment as a whole
organs of adjustment:
organs of maintenance
organs of adjustment
organs of maintenance
- grouped in reference to whether they help and growth
- stomach, lungs, digestive glads, alimentary canals
organs of adjustment
- how many functions in the individual activities in the envt, as he overcomes obstacles to the satisfaction of his needs
- enable the organism to carry on mating, food finding, working and thinking
- brain, skeleton, muscles, glands
circulatory
organ of adjustment and maintenace
main interest of psychology
organs of adjustment
receptos
receive the stimuli and set up nerve impulses in the sensory nerve fibers
connectors
carry the impulses from the sensory nerve fibers to the CNS
effectors
organism carrying out the response
retina of the eye; neurons:
- receiving mechanism
- connecting mechanism
field study of method
- oldest method
- subjects are observed under their usual envt conditions without any attempt to control the conditions
- often don’t know they’re being observed
life history method
- particular behavior forms are studied and traced back
- day book method: used most often in child study–child observed and recorded material is passed down about him
clinical method
- elaboration and extension of the daybook method
- examines past and present
biographical method
attempt to attain psychological understanding from an analysis of the records of men’s lives as set by themselves or others
survey method
must get representative sample, investigated by interviews and written questionnaires from select group
experimental method
best kind and most preferred
quantitative
prereq is measurement
dimensions
that which can be measured and expressed in numerical terms
dimensions in human classification:
age, rxn time, emotional stability, intelligence, auditory acuity
psych tries to:
understand, predict, control
objective observation
observing what a person does, not what they feel
most basic operation in psych
observation
introspection of introspective observation
the study of conscious experiences and the studying of one’s own thinking and feeling within the individual
oldest scientific way to study ppl
experimental
what does not fit in psych
application
caused by over-activity in the adrenal cortex
virilism
caused by an overactive thyroid gland
cretinism
hormone
to excited
animals are useful in psych because
strict experimental control
concept of frued:
- sex and conflict are powerful force and leads to disorganized personality
- never a problem now, always on later
variation in sexual impulses
attitude, physical make-up, envt
early childhood
intense sexual curiosity
generalized sexual urges for children
need to be nursed, feeding, process of elimination (pooping), childish masturbation
characteristic of child sexuality
narcissism
oral stage
birth to 8 months= sucking
8mo to 18 mo=biting
-biting=1st appearance of love and hate
anal stage
18 mo to 3 yrs
- erotic element
- don’t rush into potty training
- gives amount of psychological relief and physiological
phallic stage
3-7yrs
- childish masturbation
- oedipus complex
- electra complex
latent period
4-12 yrs
repression of sexuality
genital stage
12-21 yrs
- voice chances, menstruation, sibling rivalry
- love affairs; puppy love is most pure
- love is narcissitic in nature
last stage
final adjustment
ppl choose jobs they like based on stages they’re stuck in
Oral: dentist, chef, nursing
Anal: waste management, custodial, urologist, swimmer, fireman, plumber
Phallic: model, exotic dancer, athletes, musicians, lawyers, teachers
Latent: accountant, long distance runners, writers, office jobs
Genital: OBGYN, matchmakers, artificial inseminators, breeders, surrogates
significant role in behavior
bio
endocrine glands
- system of ductless glands; flow directly into bloodstream
- secrete lots of hormones and regulate body
hypothalamus
- control center for endocrine glands
- emotions
- lower brain
pituitary gland
- physical development
- underside of brain
- over secretion=dwarfism
thyroid gland
- both sides of adams apple
- affects metabolism, intelligence, sex glands
- thyroxin
- hypothyroid: nervous system issues, metally retarded (cretinism)
islets of langerhands
- in the pancreas
- Production of Insulin
- Alpha cells: produce the glucose
- Beta cells: produce the insulin
sex glands
Gonads: secretion of hormones (human development), production of sperm and eggs, start secreting as a child
adolescent
10-11 for girls
12-14 for boys
When sexual maturation occurs
No mature sperm or eggs until 4 years later
puberty
When reproduction first becomes possible (adolescence can continue afterwards)
end of adolescence
top level of strength and stature
testicular androgens
- masculine characteristics during adolescence
- behavior and development could change
estrogen
- replacement therapy (Side effect cervical cancer)
- promote growth in the reproductive organs, menstruation
progesterone
Prepares uterine tissue to support the fetus
adrenal gland
- upper end of the kidneys
- 2 glands, 2 parts (inner and outer core)
- Adrenal Medulla: controlled by nervous system, produces adrenaline
- Adrenal Cortex: secretes hormones that impact maturation (adrenal androgens), regulate adult sexual characteristics
virilism
overaccenting of male sexual characteristics due to overproduction in the adrenal cortex–can occur in men and women
enhancing self-concept
-People can impact this
-Heredity: Biologically transmitting elements (motor skills, intelligence, vision, hearing, appearance)
-Personality traits are learned
-Environment can modify your behavior
Maturation: physiological gradient: head–trunk–extremities
!!!motor primacy
neuromuscular structures of your body must reach a minimum level of development before you are capable of responding to stimuli and stimulation
individuation
individual movement, coordination, balance. mass movement at first (think of how babies move)
