Note Stack 1 Flashcards
Functional groups
Potential Energy Formula
PE= mgh
PE= mah
Mass, g=acceleration, height
Density formula
D = m/v
Molarity formula
Molarity (M) = moles solute (mol) / liters of solution (L)
Mitosis and Meiosis
Nuclear charge
Nuclear charge = protons - inner shell electrons in nucleus
Zeff = z - s
Alpha, beta, gamma decay
Alpha decay- Forms new element with 2 fewer protons and 2 fewer neutrons
Beta decay- forms new element with one more proton and 1 fewer neutron
Gamma decay- forms no new element, it now element has less energy bc energy is released as gamma rays
Mass# (p+n)
ELEMENT
Atomic# (p)
Mass# (p+n)
ELEMENT
Atomic# (p)
Mass number= protons + neutrons
Atomic number= protons
In a neutral atom protons=electrons
Metals
Shiny, malleable, hard, good electricity conductor
Ex. Gold, silver, iron, uranium and zinc
Non metals
Do not conduct heat or electricity or very well
Typically brittle and not easily molded into shapes
Ex. Hydrogen and carbon
Metalloids
Share characteristics both metals and non-metals
Are also called semi metals
Are semi-conductors, which means they insulate and conduct electricity
Ex. Silicon and boron
Ph and hydronium and hydroxide concentration
Hydronium = hydroxide —> neutral
Hydronium > hydroxide —> acidic
Hydronium < hydroxide —-> basic
Principal energy levels: 4 different PEL
N=1: max 2e-
N=2: max 8e-
N=3: max 18e-
N=4: max 32e-
Electron sub levels s, p, d, f
S, 1 orbital, 2 electrons
P, 3 orbitals, 6 electrons
D, 5 orbitals, 10 electrons
F, 7 orbitals, 14 electrons
Ionic bond
Forms when atoms are held together by the attraction between opposite charges
Change in charge because one element gives up one or more electrons and other takes them
Covalent bond
Atoms share electrons to satisfy octet rule
Y= mx + b
b is the y-intercept
The slope is rise/run or delta Y/ delta X
Circumference
C=2πr
laceration
Ragged wound
Velocity
Rate of change, negative and positive values
v = displacement / change in time
Velocity in a wave = frequency x wavelength
Atomic radius, electronegativity, ionization energy, nuclear charge trends
Synapse
Space between neurons
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers that diffuse across synapse or junction and carry chemical signals from one neuron to next target cell so one neuron can communicate w/ another
Rate of change
R = distance traveled / time it took
If at constant speed, rate of change = 0
Amino acid functional groups
Have amine and carboxylic acid
R-NH2 and R-COOH
Periodic table
Nonmetals upper right of table
Elements in the same group/ family are chemically similar
Timbre
Refers to tone quality in sound
Volatility
Ability for liquid to evaporate
Voltage
Voltage = IR
Voltage = current x resistance
Amperes
Measure current
Catalyst
Not consumed or altered in reaction, only lower the activation energy
Ionic bond
Formed only between metal and nonmetals, because metals want to give up electrons and non metals want to gain electrons
Constant velocity
Object that has constant velocity does not experience acceleration because there is no change in velocity
Acceleration formula
a = delta v/ delta t
Velocity, time
Ohm’s law
Voltage = IR
SO
Resistance = voltage / current
Resistance
Measure of the opposition to current flow in an electrical circuit
Unit and measure
Current, amperes
Voltage, volts
Charge, colombs
Power, watts
Resistance, ohms
Sound wave with constant velocity
Sound wave with constant velocity, frequency is inversely related to wavelength
F^W,, W^F,,
Newton’s first law
Inertia
Object at rest tends to stay at rest, object in motion tends to stay in motion
Friction opposing force
Newton’s second law
F=ma
Newtons 3rd law
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Momentum
Momentum = mv
Spike in FSH and LH
Occurs during ovulation as follicle in ovary ruptures and releases egg into Fallopian tube
Capillaries
One cell thick
Gas exchange takes place easily
Work
Work = force x distance
Striations
Bands found in cardiac and skeletal muscle
Nucleus in muscle cells
Cardiac and smooth muscle have a single nucleus
Skeletal muscles have core elements called nuclei
Olfactory
Refers to nose and nasal cavity
Bacteria shape
Spherical (cocci)
Rod (bacilli)
Spiral (spirilla)
Comma (vibrios)
Corkscrew (spirochetes)
Neutrons are necessary within atomic nucleus
Because they bind with protons via nuclear force
Normal BP values and BPM
120/80 mm Hg and 72 bpm
Sugars
Come in ratios of C1H2O1
Neutralization
Special type of double displacement
Acid-base reaction where acid donated H+, base donates OH- to form an H2O and salt
(Salt is a combination of G1 and G7)
Electrical power
Power = volt x current
Distance
Distance = speed x time
Velocity for waves
Velocity = frequency x wavelength
Nephron
Filters blood that enters kidney
Refraction
Bending of light as it passes from one medium to another
Ex. Quartz
Mirror
When a light hits a smooth surface, angle of incidence is = to angle of reflection
Joule
Measures energy
Diffraction
Bending of light around an obstacle or through a gap
Results in formation of an interference pattern
Refraction
Bending of light as it passes through a medium
Wave speeds up or slows down as it passes through medium
Blue litmus paper
Turns red in acid
Light best for chlorophyll and photosynthesis
Red and blue light
Avogadro’s number
Number of moles in a sample
STP
0 degrees Celsius, 1 atm
S, l, g— density and compressibility
Gases, lowest density, most compressible
Solids, dense, incompressible
Liquids, dense, incompressible
Solid (ice) density 0.9167 (at 0 deg Celsius) temp </= 0 deg Celsius
Liquid (water) density 0.9997 (at 4 deg Celsius) temp 0-100 deg Celsius
Gas (vapor/steam) density 0.005476 (at 127 deg Celsius) temp >/= 100 deg Celsius
Atherosclerosis
Hardening of arteries as cholesterol builds up, the opening of the artery closes, leading to heart attack
Allotropes
Diff forms of the same element
Ex. Oxygen gas and ozone are allotropes of oxygen
Diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon
Boundaries of the ecosystem
Also overlap
Cytokinesis
Occurs during telophase and is the final phase of cell replication
During plant cell replication, the division of the cytoplasm is called cytokinesis
Lipids and carbs contain
Carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
Protein and nucleic acid contain
Nitrogen
Nucleic acids
Contain nitrogen bases, phosphate groups and sugars contain 5 carbon atoms
Carbon
The ability of carbon to form strong bonds and long chains and to have various functional groups allows for millions of organic compounds that are essential to life
Refractive index
Value calculated from the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to that in a second medium of greater density
-Higher refractive index makes for greater resistance
-air has refractive index of 1.00 and has little effect on yellow light
-when light or any energy passed through a medium it is affected by properties of that medium
You may add and subtract radicals only when
Radicands same
Same type of radical (square, cube, fourth)
You may also simplify before you combine (break apart the radicand to square root and add others)
Mixed number: the sum of a whole number and a fraction
1 and 4/5
Is same as
1 + 4/5
GCF
Largest number that divides evenly into 2 or more numbers
Ex GCF of 36 and 54 is 18
(CFs are 1,2,3,6,9,18)
LCM
The smallest number that 2 or more numbers divide into evenly
Ex. Multiples of 5 are 10,15,20,25,30. . .
Multiples of 15 are 30,45,60
So: 30 is the LCM
Relatively prime
2 or more numbers whose GCF is 1
Ex 6 and 35 are relatively prime
Factors of 6 are 1,2,3,6
Factors of 35 are 1,5,7,35
LCD
Smallest denominator that 2 or more fractions have in common
Decimals converted to fractions
0.1= 1/10
0.23=23/100
0.005=5/1000
Area of triangle
1/2bh
Exponent rules
Multiplying similar bases, add exponents
Dividing similar bases, subtract exponents
When raising a power to another power, multiply the exponents
Any base to the power of 0 = 1
Area of circle
πr^2
Rectangle area
lw
Square area
s^2
Triangle area
1/2bh
Circumference of circle
2πr / πd
Pythagorean theorem
Side^2 + side^2 = hypotenuse^2
SA of cube
6s^2
SA of rectangular solid
2lw+2wh+2lh
Volume of a cube
s^3
Volume of a rectangular solid
lwh
Metric prefixes
Milli: 0.001
Centi: 0.01
Deci: 0.1
Unit: 1
Deca:10
Hecto: 100
Kilo: 1000
Acid and base
Acid- proton donor, anything with H+
Base- proton acceptor, anything with OH-
Ionic bond
Metal + nonmetal
Covalent bond
2 nonmetals
Dipole
Increased MP + BP
Xylem
Carries materials from the roots, upward throughout the plant
Kidneys
Posterior to small intestines
Equal sharing of electrons
Occurs when the electronegativity of elements is the same
OIL RIG
Oxidation
Reductuon
Oxidation is loss of electrons
Reduction is gains of electrons
Lock-and-key model
Describe the substrate must fit into active site of an enzyme for reaction to take place
Induced fit— active site alters shape for substrate to fit perfectly
Substrate attaches to active site
Water density
1g/1mL
For object to float in water, density must be less
Transverse wave
Does not have a compression and expansion
Volume of mole of gas at STP
22.4 liters
Objects of constant speed
Don’t have acceleration
Vectors
Have BOTH direction and magnitude
Gases show
A decrease in solubility in water with an increase of temperature
How many mm in a cm?
10
1st line of defense
Low pH in stomach, mucus in nasal cavity, cilia present in trachea, sweat, saliva, tears, the skin, hairs inside the nasal cavity, earwax
2nd line of defense
INFLAMMATION
Immune cells and proteins to eliminate pathogens that enter the body
phagocytosis—phagocytes namely macrophages and neutrophils, these cells are found in the tissues and blood
besides recognize and find pathogens and then use the plasma membrane to surround and engulf pathogens -lysosome the digestive enzymes present inside lysosome finally destroy pathogens by breaking them into fragments
materials are removed by exocytosis
however the antigenic fragments are displayed on the surface of phagocytes which are subsequently recognized and destroyed by cytotoxic T cells
in addition complement proteins are activated which in turn recruit more white blood cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) at the site of infection, leading to an inflammatory response (swelling, redness, pain)
3rd line of defense
Cells in body recognize pathogen,
Adaptive immune system,
Eliminating pathogens that have been encountered by the immune system previously
B cells, T cells
Series circuit
1 pathway
Phototropism
Plant grows towards sun
Velocity
Velocity = distance / time
Amphoretic
Substance that can act as acid or base
Angiogram
Creates photo of BF in arteries or veins
Electroencephalogram
Measures electrical activity in brain
Echogram
Uses sound to detect abnormalities
Amniocentesis
test of health of a fetus during pregnancy
Advantage of parallel circuit
One bulb breaks, others remain lit
Light best absorbed by chlorophyll
Red and blue light
This corresponds to 660 nm +430 nm wavelengths respectfully
Voltage
Current x resistance
Unit for impulses
N s
Impulse calculated by multiplying the force by the change in time
Impulse = F deltaT
Refraction
Bending of light waves as light travels from one medium to another
Acceleration formula
Delta v / delta t
Newtons measured in
Kg x m/s^2
(Measure for force calculated with f=ma)
Dispersion
White light broken down to colors of the rainbow
When solute added to solvent
BP^, FP,,
(Ex. Salt added to water)
Phloem
A plant transports food from leaves
energy in the form of sugar is carried in specialized tissues from the leaves
Xylem
Water brought up from roots through xylem
Cellular respiration in plants
Oxygen released thru leaves
Bile
Stored in gallbladder and helps digest fats via emulsification (bile emulsifies fat allowing them to be easily absorbed and digested by small intestine)
Power
Power = work / time elapsed
Adding water to reactants
Dilutes solution and lowers concentration of substances, causing reactants to react slowly
Work
Work = force x distance
Diffusion in capillaries of alveoli
Gases diffuse through membranes and into blood, this happens at capillaries located in alveoli
STP
0 deg C, 1 atm
Ideal gas
PV = nRT
N = number of moles
R= 0.08206 atm/mol
Optical density of the material
Slowing down of light waves
the more optical density the more light waves slow down
Gases slow light least, lowest indices
Solids have highest indices of refraction (slows most)
Liquids in between
Acids react with metals
To give a salt and hydrogen gas
Bases do not react with metals and release hydrogen gas
Non-metals generally DONT react with acids
Autoionization of water
pH pOH
Phase graph
Polyatomic ions
Bonds and electronegativity
Common tests
In a sound wave with a constant velocity
The frequency is inversely proportional to the wavelength
F^W,,
What is the volume of 1 mole of gas at STP
22.4 liters
Vector
Has magnitude and direction
Gases show a decrease in solubility in
Water and an increase in temperature
Impulse/ change in momentum
Impulse/ deltaM = f x delta T
Grahams law
Takes into account masses of gases and their speed
Newton (N) measured in
Kg (m/s^2)
Mass x acceleration
Metals are malleable and ductile because they have
Electron clusters
Metals can be reshaped without losing their properties because their electron clusters can form and reform in a variety of ways without losing their structure. Ionic crystalline structures would break.
Scalar
Contains magnitude
Pepsin enzymes
Digest proteins
When acid reacts with an active metal, the products are
A salt and H2
Strong acids and bases
Temp of water increases
Solubility of gases decrease
Pioneer organisms
Basis for succession
Osmosis in amoeba and parecium
Occurs in contractile vacuole
Pumps out excess water that enters cell
A system in equilibrium
Has no voltage
WBC
distinguished between morphology and ability to engulf bacteria
Stomata of plant
CO2 enters and leaves
Chlorophyll
Found in palisade cells in plant leaves
