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NLN NOTES > Note Stack 1 > Flashcards

Note Stack 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Functional groups

A
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2
Q

Potential Energy Formula

A

PE= mgh
PE= mah
Mass, g=acceleration, height

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3
Q

Density formula

A

D = m/v

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4
Q

Molarity formula

A

Molarity (M) = moles solute (mol) / liters of solution (L)

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5
Q

Mitosis and Meiosis

A
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6
Q

Nuclear charge

A

Nuclear charge = protons - inner shell electrons in nucleus
Zeff = z - s

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7
Q

Alpha, beta, gamma decay

A

Alpha decay- Forms new element with 2 fewer protons and 2 fewer neutrons
Beta decay- forms new element with one more proton and 1 fewer neutron
Gamma decay- forms no new element, it now element has less energy bc energy is released as gamma rays

Mass# (p+n)
ELEMENT
Atomic# (p)

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8
Q

Mass# (p+n)
ELEMENT
Atomic# (p)

A

Mass number= protons + neutrons
Atomic number= protons
In a neutral atom protons=electrons

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9
Q

Metals

A

Shiny, malleable, hard, good electricity conductor
Ex. Gold, silver, iron, uranium and zinc

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10
Q

Non metals

A

Do not conduct heat or electricity or very well
Typically brittle and not easily molded into shapes
Ex. Hydrogen and carbon

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11
Q

Metalloids

A

Share characteristics both metals and non-metals
Are also called semi metals
Are semi-conductors, which means they insulate and conduct electricity
Ex. Silicon and boron

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12
Q

Ph and hydronium and hydroxide concentration

A

Hydronium = hydroxide —> neutral
Hydronium > hydroxide —> acidic
Hydronium < hydroxide —-> basic

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13
Q

Principal energy levels: 4 different PEL

A

N=1: max 2e-
N=2: max 8e-
N=3: max 18e-
N=4: max 32e-

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14
Q

Electron sub levels s, p, d, f

A

S, 1 orbital, 2 electrons
P, 3 orbitals, 6 electrons
D, 5 orbitals, 10 electrons
F, 7 orbitals, 14 electrons

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15
Q

Ionic bond

A

Forms when atoms are held together by the attraction between opposite charges
Change in charge because one element gives up one or more electrons and other takes them

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16
Q

Covalent bond

A

Atoms share electrons to satisfy octet rule

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17
Q

Y= mx + b

A

b is the y-intercept
The slope is rise/run or delta Y/ delta X

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18
Q

Circumference

A

C=2πr

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19
Q

laceration

A

Ragged wound

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20
Q

Velocity

A

Rate of change, negative and positive values
v = displacement / change in time
Velocity in a wave = frequency x wavelength

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21
Q

Atomic radius, electronegativity, ionization energy, nuclear charge trends

A
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22
Q

Synapse

A

Space between neurons

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23
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers that diffuse across synapse or junction and carry chemical signals from one neuron to next target cell so one neuron can communicate w/ another

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24
Q

Rate of change

A

R = distance traveled / time it took
If at constant speed, rate of change = 0

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25
Q

Amino acid functional groups

A

Have amine and carboxylic acid
R-NH2 and R-COOH

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26
Q

Periodic table

A

Nonmetals upper right of table
Elements in the same group/ family are chemically similar

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27
Q

Timbre

A

Refers to tone quality in sound

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28
Q

Volatility

A

Ability for liquid to evaporate

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29
Q

Voltage

A

Voltage = IR
Voltage = current x resistance

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30
Q

Amperes

A

Measure current

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31
Q

Catalyst

A

Not consumed or altered in reaction, only lower the activation energy

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32
Q

Ionic bond

A

Formed only between metal and nonmetals, because metals want to give up electrons and non metals want to gain electrons

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33
Q

Constant velocity

A

Object that has constant velocity does not experience acceleration because there is no change in velocity

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34
Q

Acceleration formula

A

a = delta v/ delta t
Velocity, time

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35
Q

Ohm’s law

A

Voltage = IR
SO
Resistance = voltage / current

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36
Q

Resistance

A

Measure of the opposition to current flow in an electrical circuit

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37
Q

Unit and measure

A

Current, amperes
Voltage, volts
Charge, colombs
Power, watts
Resistance, ohms

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38
Q

Sound wave with constant velocity

A

Sound wave with constant velocity, frequency is inversely related to wavelength
F^W,, W^F,,

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39
Q

Newton’s first law

A

Inertia
Object at rest tends to stay at rest, object in motion tends to stay in motion
Friction opposing force

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40
Q

Newton’s second law

A

F=ma

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41
Q

Newtons 3rd law

A

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

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42
Q

Momentum

A

Momentum = mv

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43
Q

Spike in FSH and LH

A

Occurs during ovulation as follicle in ovary ruptures and releases egg into Fallopian tube

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44
Q

Capillaries

A

One cell thick
Gas exchange takes place easily

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45
Q

Work

A

Work = force x distance

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46
Q

Striations

A

Bands found in cardiac and skeletal muscle

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47
Q

Nucleus in muscle cells

A

Cardiac and smooth muscle have a single nucleus
Skeletal muscles have core elements called nuclei

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48
Q

Olfactory

A

Refers to nose and nasal cavity

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49
Q

Bacteria shape

A

Spherical (cocci)
Rod (bacilli)
Spiral (spirilla)
Comma (vibrios)
Corkscrew (spirochetes)

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50
Q

Neutrons are necessary within atomic nucleus

A

Because they bind with protons via nuclear force

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51
Q

Normal BP values and BPM

A

120/80 mm Hg and 72 bpm

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52
Q

Sugars

A

Come in ratios of C1H2O1

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53
Q

Neutralization

A

Special type of double displacement
Acid-base reaction where acid donated H+, base donates OH- to form an H2O and salt
(Salt is a combination of G1 and G7)

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54
Q

Electrical power

A

Power = volt x current

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55
Q

Distance

A

Distance = speed x time

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56
Q

Velocity for waves

A

Velocity = frequency x wavelength

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57
Q

Nephron

A

Filters blood that enters kidney

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58
Q

Refraction

A

Bending of light as it passes from one medium to another
Ex. Quartz

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59
Q

Mirror

A

When a light hits a smooth surface, angle of incidence is = to angle of reflection

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60
Q

Joule

A

Measures energy

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61
Q

Diffraction

A

Bending of light around an obstacle or through a gap
Results in formation of an interference pattern

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62
Q

Refraction

A

Bending of light as it passes through a medium
Wave speeds up or slows down as it passes through medium

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63
Q

Blue litmus paper

A

Turns red in acid

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64
Q

Light best for chlorophyll and photosynthesis

A

Red and blue light

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65
Q

Avogadro’s number

A

Number of moles in a sample

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66
Q

STP

A

0 degrees Celsius, 1 atm

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67
Q

S, l, g— density and compressibility

A

Gases, lowest density, most compressible
Solids, dense, incompressible
Liquids, dense, incompressible
Solid (ice) density 0.9167 (at 0 deg Celsius) temp </= 0 deg Celsius
Liquid (water) density 0.9997 (at 4 deg Celsius) temp 0-100 deg Celsius
Gas (vapor/steam) density 0.005476 (at 127 deg Celsius) temp >/= 100 deg Celsius

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68
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Hardening of arteries as cholesterol builds up, the opening of the artery closes, leading to heart attack

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69
Q

Allotropes

A

Diff forms of the same element
Ex. Oxygen gas and ozone are allotropes of oxygen
Diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon

70
Q

Boundaries of the ecosystem

A

Also overlap

71
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Occurs during telophase and is the final phase of cell replication
During plant cell replication, the division of the cytoplasm is called cytokinesis

72
Q

Lipids and carbs contain

A

Carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

73
Q

Protein and nucleic acid contain

A

Nitrogen

74
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Contain nitrogen bases, phosphate groups and sugars contain 5 carbon atoms

75
Q

Carbon

A

The ability of carbon to form strong bonds and long chains and to have various functional groups allows for millions of organic compounds that are essential to life

76
Q

Refractive index

A

Value calculated from the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to that in a second medium of greater density
-Higher refractive index makes for greater resistance
-air has refractive index of 1.00 and has little effect on yellow light
-when light or any energy passed through a medium it is affected by properties of that medium

77
Q

You may add and subtract radicals only when

A

Radicands same
Same type of radical (square, cube, fourth)
You may also simplify before you combine (break apart the radicand to square root and add others)

78
Q

Mixed number: the sum of a whole number and a fraction

A

1 and 4/5
Is same as
1 + 4/5

79
Q

GCF

A

Largest number that divides evenly into 2 or more numbers
Ex GCF of 36 and 54 is 18
(CFs are 1,2,3,6,9,18)

80
Q

LCM

A

The smallest number that 2 or more numbers divide into evenly
Ex. Multiples of 5 are 10,15,20,25,30. . .
Multiples of 15 are 30,45,60
So: 30 is the LCM

81
Q

Relatively prime

A

2 or more numbers whose GCF is 1
Ex 6 and 35 are relatively prime
Factors of 6 are 1,2,3,6
Factors of 35 are 1,5,7,35

82
Q

LCD

A

Smallest denominator that 2 or more fractions have in common

83
Q

Decimals converted to fractions

A

0.1= 1/10
0.23=23/100
0.005=5/1000

84
Q

Area of triangle

A

1/2bh

85
Q

Exponent rules

A

Multiplying similar bases, add exponents
Dividing similar bases, subtract exponents
When raising a power to another power, multiply the exponents
Any base to the power of 0 = 1

86
Q

Area of circle

A

πr^2

87
Q

Rectangle area

A

lw

88
Q

Square area

A

s^2

89
Q

Triangle area

A

1/2bh

90
Q

Circumference of circle

A

2πr / πd

91
Q

Pythagorean theorem

A

Side^2 + side^2 = hypotenuse^2

92
Q

SA of cube

A

6s^2

93
Q

SA of rectangular solid

A

2lw+2wh+2lh

94
Q

Volume of a cube

A

s^3

95
Q

Volume of a rectangular solid

A

lwh

96
Q

Metric prefixes

A

Milli: 0.001
Centi: 0.01
Deci: 0.1
Unit: 1
Deca:10
Hecto: 100
Kilo: 1000

97
Q

Acid and base

A

Acid- proton donor, anything with H+
Base- proton acceptor, anything with OH-

98
Q

Ionic bond

A

Metal + nonmetal

99
Q

Covalent bond

A

2 nonmetals

100
Q

Dipole

A

Increased MP + BP

101
Q

Xylem

A

Carries materials from the roots, upward throughout the plant

102
Q

Kidneys

A

Posterior to small intestines

103
Q

Equal sharing of electrons

A

Occurs when the electronegativity of elements is the same

104
Q

OIL RIG
Oxidation
Reductuon

A

Oxidation is loss of electrons
Reduction is gains of electrons

105
Q

Lock-and-key model

A

Describe the substrate must fit into active site of an enzyme for reaction to take place
Induced fit— active site alters shape for substrate to fit perfectly
Substrate attaches to active site

106
Q

Water density

A

1g/1mL
For object to float in water, density must be less

107
Q

Transverse wave

A

Does not have a compression and expansion

108
Q

Volume of mole of gas at STP

A

22.4 liters

109
Q

Objects of constant speed

A

Don’t have acceleration

110
Q

Vectors

A

Have BOTH direction and magnitude

111
Q

Gases show

A

A decrease in solubility in water with an increase of temperature

112
Q

How many mm in a cm?

A

10

113
Q

1st line of defense

A

Low pH in stomach, mucus in nasal cavity, cilia present in trachea, sweat, saliva, tears, the skin, hairs inside the nasal cavity, earwax

114
Q

2nd line of defense

A

INFLAMMATION
Immune cells and proteins to eliminate pathogens that enter the body
phagocytosis—phagocytes namely macrophages and neutrophils, these cells are found in the tissues and blood
besides recognize and find pathogens and then use the plasma membrane to surround and engulf pathogens -lysosome the digestive enzymes present inside lysosome finally destroy pathogens by breaking them into fragments
materials are removed by exocytosis
however the antigenic fragments are displayed on the surface of phagocytes which are subsequently recognized and destroyed by cytotoxic T cells
in addition complement proteins are activated which in turn recruit more white blood cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) at the site of infection, leading to an inflammatory response (swelling, redness, pain)

115
Q

3rd line of defense

A

Cells in body recognize pathogen,
Adaptive immune system,
Eliminating pathogens that have been encountered by the immune system previously
B cells, T cells

116
Q

Series circuit

A

1 pathway

117
Q

Phototropism

A

Plant grows towards sun

118
Q

Velocity

A

Velocity = distance / time

119
Q

Amphoretic

A

Substance that can act as acid or base

120
Q

Angiogram

A

Creates photo of BF in arteries or veins

121
Q

Electroencephalogram

A

Measures electrical activity in brain

122
Q

Echogram

A

Uses sound to detect abnormalities

123
Q

Amniocentesis

A

test of health of a fetus during pregnancy

124
Q

Advantage of parallel circuit

A

One bulb breaks, others remain lit

125
Q

Light best absorbed by chlorophyll

A

Red and blue light
This corresponds to 660 nm +430 nm wavelengths respectfully

126
Q

Voltage

A

Current x resistance

127
Q

Unit for impulses

A

N s
Impulse calculated by multiplying the force by the change in time
Impulse = F deltaT

128
Q

Refraction

A

Bending of light waves as light travels from one medium to another

129
Q

Acceleration formula

A

Delta v / delta t

130
Q

Newtons measured in

A

Kg x m/s^2
(Measure for force calculated with f=ma)

131
Q

Dispersion

A

White light broken down to colors of the rainbow

132
Q

When solute added to solvent

A

BP^, FP,,
(Ex. Salt added to water)

133
Q

Phloem

A

A plant transports food from leaves
energy in the form of sugar is carried in specialized tissues from the leaves

134
Q

Xylem

A

Water brought up from roots through xylem

135
Q

Cellular respiration in plants

A

Oxygen released thru leaves

136
Q

Bile

A

Stored in gallbladder and helps digest fats via emulsification (bile emulsifies fat allowing them to be easily absorbed and digested by small intestine)

137
Q

Power

A

Power = work / time elapsed

138
Q

Adding water to reactants

A

Dilutes solution and lowers concentration of substances, causing reactants to react slowly

139
Q

Work

A

Work = force x distance

140
Q

Diffusion in capillaries of alveoli

A

Gases diffuse through membranes and into blood, this happens at capillaries located in alveoli

141
Q

STP

A

0 deg C, 1 atm

142
Q

Ideal gas

A

PV = nRT
N = number of moles
R= 0.08206 atm/mol

143
Q

Optical density of the material

A

Slowing down of light waves
the more optical density the more light waves slow down
Gases slow light least, lowest indices
Solids have highest indices of refraction (slows most)
Liquids in between

144
Q

Acids react with metals

A

To give a salt and hydrogen gas
Bases do not react with metals and release hydrogen gas
Non-metals generally DONT react with acids

145
Q

Autoionization of water

A
146
Q

pH pOH

A
147
Q

Phase graph

A
148
Q

Polyatomic ions

A
149
Q

Bonds and electronegativity

A
150
Q

Common tests

A
151
Q

In a sound wave with a constant velocity

A

The frequency is inversely proportional to the wavelength
F^W,,

152
Q
A
153
Q

What is the volume of 1 mole of gas at STP

A

22.4 liters

154
Q

Vector

A

Has magnitude and direction

155
Q

Gases show a decrease in solubility in

A

Water and an increase in temperature

156
Q

Impulse/ change in momentum

A

Impulse/ deltaM = f x delta T

157
Q

Grahams law

A

Takes into account masses of gases and their speed

158
Q

Newton (N) measured in

A

Kg (m/s^2)
Mass x acceleration

159
Q

Metals are malleable and ductile because they have

A

Electron clusters
Metals can be reshaped without losing their properties because their electron clusters can form and reform in a variety of ways without losing their structure. Ionic crystalline structures would break.

160
Q

Scalar

A

Contains magnitude

161
Q

Pepsin enzymes

A

Digest proteins

162
Q

When acid reacts with an active metal, the products are

A

A salt and H2

163
Q

Strong acids and bases

A
164
Q

Temp of water increases

A

Solubility of gases decrease

165
Q

Pioneer organisms

A

Basis for succession

166
Q

Osmosis in amoeba and parecium

A

Occurs in contractile vacuole
Pumps out excess water that enters cell

167
Q

A system in equilibrium

A

Has no voltage

168
Q

WBC

A

distinguished between morphology and ability to engulf bacteria

169
Q

Stomata of plant

A

CO2 enters and leaves

170
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Found in palisade cells in plant leaves

NLN NOTES (1 decks)

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