Note Set 1 Flashcards
1
Q
How do people with autism learn differently than those without?
A
They may excel at learning and recalling complex info but struggle with simple routines.
2
Q
What are some common characteristics displayed by individuals with autism?
A
- Difficulty joining their attention with others
- Difficulty responding to bids for attention
- Language delays or deficient language skills
- Odd use of language
- Restricted and fixated interests
- Excessive adherence to routines
- Repetitive motor movements
- Certain sensory sensitivities
- Preference for concrete info & tasks
3
Q
What is Discrete Trial Instruction (DTI)?
A
A highly structured teaching method delivered in a 1:1 environment with intensive repetition of skills.
4
Q
What is Direct Instruction?
A
A teacher-led method that uses explicit instruction to teach skills in a systematic order.
5
Q
What is Precision Teaching?
A
An ABA-based technique focusing on accurate performance and high rates of responses.
6
Q
What does Function-Based Behavioral Intervention involve?
A
Implementation of strategies to modify behavior based on hypotheses about the behavior’s cause.
7
Q
What is Verbal Behavior in ABA?
A
An approach to teaching language skills using different forms of language operants.
8
Q
List the different forms of language in Verbal Behavior.
A
- Echoic
- Mand
- Tact
- Intraverbal
- Autoclitic
- Textual
- Transcriptive
9
Q
What are Naturalistic Techniques used for?
A
To provide basic instruction and help generalize skills in less structured environments.
10
Q
What is the difference between Discrete Trials and Naturalistic Approaches?
A
Discrete Trials are highly structured, while Naturalistic Approaches are loosely structured and child-paced.
11
Q
What skills can be taught using Naturalistic Approaches?
A
- Joint Attention
- Language
- Play
- Social Skills
- Functional Skills
12
Q
Why use Naturalistic Teaching techniques?
A
- Increases motivation
- Teaches requesting skills
- Allows practice with multiple teachers
- Provides natural learning experiences
- Less aversive for learners
13
Q
What is Incidental Teaching?
A
A method that uses natural opportunities to create teachable moments for language and communication.
14
Q
What are the pivotal areas targeted by Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT)?
A
- Motivation
- Multiple Cues
- Initiations
- Self-management
- Empathy
15
Q
What is Natural Environment Teaching (NET)?
A
An approach that teaches language operants within natural contexts to enhance language skills.
16
Q
What is Script Fading?
A
A method used to teach socially appropriate verbal skills by gradually removing prompts from a script.
17
Q
What is the Early Start Denver Model (ESDM)?
A
A naturalistic intervention for very young children (12-48 months) that combines developmental practices with behavioral principles.
18
Q
What does Milieu Teaching aim to achieve?
A
Increase spontaneous language and the mean length of utterance (MLU) in a natural environment.
19
Q
What is essential for the implementation of Naturalistic Teaching?
A
Maintaining focus on tasks even in fun settings.
20
Q
What is Reinforcer Assessment?
A
A method to identify what motivates learners, conducted through various techniques.
21
Q
What is the free operant method in Reinforcer Assessment?
A
Observing individuals in a rich environment to identify preferred items or activities based on how long they play with each item.
22
Q
What is the multiple stimulus without replacement (MSWO) method?
A
A ranking method for identifying preferred items by observing choices from an array without removing them.
23
Q
What are some strategies for running a Naturalistic Teaching session?
A
- Learner directed activities
- Routines addressing specific targets
- Planned activities
24
Q
True or False: Naturalistic approaches have firm conceptual and research support in treating autism.
A
True
25
What is the purpose of using a single stimulus in trials?
To allow individuals who cannot choose between two items to engage with an item for as long as they want
## Footnote
This method is beneficial for those who exhibit behaviors when favored items are moved.
26
What must be maximized in the teaching environment?
Teaching opportunities
## Footnote
This includes learner-directed activities and routines.
27
What key points must interventionists understand in the teaching process?
The target skills and the strategies used to teach those skills
## Footnote
This includes parents, siblings, teachers, and BTs.
28
What should prompts used during implementation be?
Unobtrusive
## Footnote
They should not overwhelm the learner.
29
What can complicate data collection in a natural environment?
Insufficient target behavior displayed and lack of prompting opportunities.
## Footnote
Also includes the activity, routine, or materials used.
30
What questions can you ask yourself to better evaluate success in learning?
Did the learner quickly engage? Did the reinforcements help? Were they distracted?
## Footnote
Adjustments should be made as needed.
31
What is a critical role of the family regarding the aspect of ABA services?
Families must be trained to maximize growth
## Footnote
They also need to communicate openly with service providers.
32
Why is family involvement critical in ABA interventions?
Families help with obtaining goals and implementing behavior reduction plans
## Footnote
They must play a significant role in the intervention.
33
What is an important strategy for maintaining professional relationships with families?
Practice nonjudgment and provide accurate information about progress
## Footnote
Optimism can alleviate some family stress.
34
What is Behavioral Skills Training (BST)?
A method to train parents in ABA interventions
## Footnote
It involves providing instructions, modeling, role-playing, and feedback.
35
What is a common issue families face regarding ABA therapy?
Transportation and childcare can be barriers
## Footnote
Additionally, ABA therapy can be expensive and overwhelming to arrange.
36
What is Joint Attention?
Shared focus between at least two individuals on an object or activity
## Footnote
It is a prerequisite for learning.
37
What are some deficits associated with Joint Attention?
* Difficulty with language development
* Difficulty with vocabulary development
* Difficulty with social skills development
## Footnote
These deficits can make early intervention a priority.
38
What is imitation in the context of learning?
Copying body movements, facial expressions, and actions with objects
## Footnote
It provides a foundation for social skills.
39
What is the sequence for teaching motor imitation skills?
* Address gross motor skills first
* Then fine motor imitation
* Followed by static and kinetic motor imitation
* Finally, imitating facial expressions
## Footnote
Reinforcement is critical throughout this process.
40
What are some actions associated with Joint Attention?
* Eye gaze
* Shared gaze
* Dyadic eye gaze
* Triadic eye gaze
* Gaze following
* Pointing
## Footnote
These actions are important for social interaction skills.
41
What is the goal of teaching responding joint attention?
To engage the learner in social interactions and enhance learning opportunities
## Footnote
It is targeted early in ABA therapy.
42
What are strategies to teach initiating Joint Attention?
* Turn-taking games
* Imitation of the learner's actions
* Unusual circumstances to elicit attention
* Visual prompts for interaction
* Reinforcers for attention bids
## Footnote
Creating a fun and engaging environment can be effective.
43
What is the significance of echoics in language development?
They build expressive language skills
## Footnote
The Early Echoic Skills Assessment (EESA) is used to assess this.
44
What should written communication in ABA be?
Observable and measurable
## Footnote
Interpretation and analysis should be left to professionals.
45
What is important to anticipate when communicating with families?
Common questions about ABA effectiveness and intervention specifics
## Footnote
Transparency is key for building trust.
46
What can empower parents in the intervention process?
Making them feel part of the intervention and defining expectations
## Footnote
Celebrating successes, big and small, also enhances engagement.
47
What is the Echoic Skills Assessment (EESA)?
A widely used assessment that provides a sequence for teaching echoics, starting with easier targets and progressing from one syllable to three syllables.
48
What is Discrete Trial Intervention?
An instructional method that may be used first when individuals show some echoic skills more readily.
49
What are Naturalistic Interventions?
Interventions used to help learners generalize imitation skills across environments and emphasize the social role.
50
Define a behavioral crisis.
A time of trouble or danger when a person's behavior is dangerous and out of control.
51
List examples of crisis behaviors.
* Throwing or breaking objects
* Running away
* Verbal aggression and threats
* Hitting, biting, or kicking
* Self-injurious behaviors like eye gouging or head banging.
52
What are the negative impacts of behavioral crises?
* Challenging
* Life Limiting
* Expensive.
53
Why are individuals with Autism more likely to experience behavioral crises?
They are more likely to have mental health conditions, experience more behavioral crises, and often only respond to crisis behavior instead of addressing underlying issues.
54
What is self-injury behavior?
Intentionally producing an injury to one’s own body, such as head banging, face slapping, or skin picking.
55
What is elopement?
Leaving a designated area without permission, which can lead to dangerous consequences.
56
What are the stages of the Crisis Escalation Cycle?
* Calm
* Agitation
* Acceleration
* Peak
* De-escalation
* Recovery.
57
What is meant by 'Response Class Hierarchy'?
A group of behaviors that produces the same effect, particularly during a crisis cycle.
58
Fill in the blank: The most important part of a behavior reduction plan is to teach a _______.
[replacement behavior].
59
What should be included in a crisis plan?
* Description of how the behavior escalates
* De-escalation strategies
* Damage minimization strategies
* Emergency contacts
* Organizational policies.
60
What is a key principle of the RBT Ethics code regarding crises?
To do no harm and ensure the client is not physically or emotionally harmed.
61
How should RBTs document crises?
By tracking what happened before, during, and after the crisis in observable and measurable terms. And fill out the BER
62
What are the four main parts of a Behavior Reduction Plan?
* Prevention strategies
* Strategies for addressing the problem behavior
* Strategies for teaching replacement behavior
* Reinforcement strategies for desired behavior.
63
What is the definition of a mand in ABA?
A type of verbal operant where a person makes a demand or request.
64
What are tacts in ABA?
Verbal operants that involve identifying objects and labeling them.
65
What is the role of echoics in ABA?
Repeating what is heard, serving as a form of verbal operant.
66
What are the milestones for language development from birth to 3 months?
* Reacts to sounds
* Calms when spoken to
* Makes pleasure sounds
* Cries differently according to needs.
67
At what age do children typically start answering 'wh' questions?
Around 3-4 years.
68
What is the significance of the term 'verbal operants'?
They are units of analysis of behavior in ABA, focusing on different functions of language.
69
What is the purpose of functional communication training (FCT)?
To reduce dangerous or destructive behavior and replace it with acceptable functionally equivalent communication responses.
70
What is a unit of analysis of a behavior?
Operant conditioning occurs when a behavior is strengthened or lessened by reinforcement or punishment
71
Define 'mands' in the context of verbal operants.
Mands are demands or requests made by an individual to obtain something
72
What are 'tacts'?
Tacts involve identifying objects and labeling them
73
What are 'echoics'?
Echoics refer to repeating what is heard
74
What is 'intraverbal behavior'?
Intraverbal behavior is the social exchange of verbal communication
75
Why is language considered a primary outcome of ABA therapy?
Many individuals on the spectrum have needs in communication
76
What is the critical skill of mands?
Mands need to be taught directly or systematically
77
Fill in the blank: Motivation for mands is determined by _______.
Motivating operations
78
What does 'Motivating operations' refer to?
Factors that increase or reduce a consequence’s effect on a behavior
79
Provide an example of a motivating operation (MO) and a corresponding mand.
MO = hunger; Mand = 'cookie'
80
What are some problems associated with defective mands?
Tantrums, screaming, inability to make requests effectively
81
What is essential for the success of expressive language interventions?
Mand training is critical
82
List some barriers to effective manding identified by Sundberg.
* No motivation for the item targeted for the request
* Free access to the item targeted for manding
* Scrolling through mands
* Problem behavior serves as the mand
* Lack of attention from the listener
* Inattention or difficulty scanning an array of items
* History of punishment for manding
83
What should be assessed in mand repertoires?
Items that are reinforcing for the individual and how they will mand
84
How should the natural environment be set up to teach mands?
Motivation for reinforcers should be contrived, and prompts should be provided
85
What is the purpose of transfer trials in mand training?
To see if the learner will respond to a lesser prompt or independently
86
What is scrolling in the context of mands?
When the learner goes through a variety of vocalizations to mand for a particular item or activity
87
At what age do children typically start using one-word nouns?
Around 12 months old
88
What is the main difference between mands and tacts?
The reinforcer and intent behind the use of the word
89
What must a learner be able to do before tact training?
Repeat what they hear
90
What is the role of echoics in relation to tacts?
Echoics should be tackled first if they are absent or difficult
91
What are the steps for tact training?
* Perform an echoics training session
* Provide the SD and a question
* Provide an echoic prompt
* Reinforce correct responses
92
What is the goal of generalization training for tacts?
To teach examples of the tact using different forms and conditions
93
What is the purpose of echoic training?
To assist learners in effectively using mands, tacts, and other language forms
94
What should be assessed before echoic training begins?
Current echoic repertoire
95
What is stimulus-stimulus pairing (SSP)?
The repeated pairing of a neutral stimulus with a reinforcing stimulus
96
What is the first step in echoic training?
The interventionist models the sound
97
What is the definition of intraverbals?
A form of verbal behavior where a speaker responds to another's verbal behavior
98
What are intraverbal milestones according to Sundberg?
* Fill in the blanks
* Basic information
* Functions, features, and categories of objects
* Who and where questions
* Intraverbal comments
* Answering questions after hearing a story
99
What is one way to teach fill-in-the-blank responses in intraverbals?
Start a sentence and have a learner complete it
100
What are the key components of teaching questions and dialogue for intraverbals?
Start with familiar topics and ensure the learner can continue the conversation
101
What can be a challenge for individuals with autism regarding recalling past events?
It can be difficult; start with more recent events
102
What does rote learning involve?
Memorizing something using routine or repetition
103
What is essential for fine-tuning expressive language?
Ensuring generalizations across environments
104
What type of questions start with more concrete terms and then expand to complex and abstract?
Who and Where Questions
105
Why can recalling past events be difficult for people with autism?
They may struggle with recalling more recent events
106
What is critical to success in learning?
Rote memorization, but it needs to be applicable to natural environments
107
How to prevent scrolling
Teaching learners how to discriminate between different items
108
What does fine-tuning expressive language involve?
Vocal intonation, inflection, and pitch help convey meaning
109
What can indicate abnormal voice quality in expressive language?
Lack of variability in the way words sound
110
What is echoic training helpful for?
Improving vocal intonation, inflection, and pitch
111
What does being able to follow directions allow learners to do?
Learn anything and everything
112
What is listener responding?
Responding verbally and nonverbally to the verbal stimuli of others
113
Why is listener responding preferred over receptive language?
It implies the same meaning for both the listener and the speaker
114
What is a common issue for children with autism regarding verbal prompts?
They may not respond even after hearing screening
115
What can affect a child's ability to process verbal language?
Joint attention issues and difficulty understanding words
116
What are the best types of cues for language learning?
Highly structured and natural cues
117
What do early listener responding skills build on?
Previously learned skills
118
What is important to ensure when teaching receptive language skills?
All prerequisite skills are covered
119
What are good foundations for listener responding?
Joint attention skills and motor imitation
120
What do matching to sample tasks involve?
Placing an item or picture with its identical match from a field of distractors
121
What is scanning in the context of receptive language?
Helps learners respond to environmental cues
122
What are some beginning skills in receptive language?
*Attending to speaker’s voice
*Responding to name
*Auditory visual discrimination
*Motor actions without visual prompts
123
What are intermediate skills in receptive language?
*Select an item from a messy array of 6
*Discriminating 3 examples of a particular item in a messy array of 8
*Select a correct item from a scene
*Perform 10 specific motor actions
124
What is required for advanced skills in receptive language?
A total listener repertoire of at least 1200 nouns, verbs, prepositions, etc.
125
What is errorless learning?
When you don’t allow for the learner to make a mistake or get a wrong answer
126
What is the purpose of prompts in teaching receptive language?
Delivered swiftly to assist learners
127
What is most-to-least prompting?
Intrusive prompt on first trials, gradually using less intrusive prompts
128
What do verbal behavior programs address?
Expressive language such as mands, tacts, intraverbals, and receptive language skills
129
What does NET stand for?
Naturalistic Approaches to Teaching
130
What is important for reinforcement in NET?
Ensure the activity is reinforcing
