Note Cards Flashcards
Which B vitamins main role is to transfer electrons to the ETC from metabolic intermediates to generate ATP?
Niacin
Which B vitamin is important for muscle function and why?
Thiamin - TTP (coenzyme) activates nerve pulses to send signals to muscle
Which B vitamin can be synthesized in the colon by bacteria? Therefore prolonged use of antibiotics can result in deficiency
Biotin
Is folate more available as folate from foods or folic acid from fortified? Why?
Folic acid in fortified foods is more bioavailable b/c only the monoglutamate form can be absorbed. Folic acid is already in monoglutamate form. Polyglutamate forms have to be hydrolyzed to the monoglutamate form.
What are the names of the compounds of Vitamin A? What is the main form we get from our diet? What form is used to make accutane?
- All trans retinol (hydroxyl) 2. Retinal (aldehyde) 3. Retinoic acid (carboxyl group) to accutane. 4. Retinyl ester * main form in diet from animal organs
Oral contraceptives can interfere with which two vitamin metabolisms?
Vitamin B6 and Folate
X Linked Dominant Inheritance examples? Affects which sex more? Who passes it on?
Rett Syndrome; affects brain development in girls. Affects female offspring more. Males can pass to daughters, not sons. Females can pass to sons or daughters.
Aplastic Anemia
Marrow failure - maintenance of micro and macros, Intake: maintain fluid and electrolytes, monitor calcium & vitamin D
Polycythemia
Increase in circulating RBC, very low or high erythopoietin. * increase dietary iron and avoid supplements
Thalassemia
Severe inherited anemia due to defective globin formation of hemoglobin. *Transfusions, Iron chelator
Hemolytic anemia
RBC destruction - trauma, inherited, hemorrhage. Supplement with iron, folate, protein
Sickle cell
Sickle cell shaped RBCs that get caught in capillaries and don’t carry oxygen well. Increased micronutrients, oral glutamine, maintain antioxidants, folate, and B12
Hemochromatosis
Build up of iron, education on non-heme and heme, avoid vitamin C and cast iron, little alcohol.
Sideroblastic anemia
B6 deficiency
Which form of vitamin E has widest natural distribution with ~50% greater bioavailable and potency than synthetic form?
D-a-tocopherol
Define glycemic load? (GL)
GI x grams of carbs; looks at whole meal rather than individual foods.
Which vitamin may exacerbate iron deficiency anemia?
Vitamin A may exacerbate iron deficiency anemia because retinoic acid (RA) stimulates synthesis of erythropoietin (EPO). EPO=hormone that promotes formation of RBCs.
What is gluconeogenesis?
Bioduction of glucose from non-carb substrates (lactate, alanine, glycerol).
Why is B12 deficiency a concern for vegetarians?
All b12 sources found naturally are from animal products - grains can be fortified.
The body recycles B12 via enterohepatic circulation, it takes a long time to deplete the body - so how/why does depletion occur?
B12 depletion typically occurs due to older age, low HCL, and low IF.
What are two vitamins that serve as exogenous antioxidant defenses?
Vitamin E and vitamin C. Vitamin C helps recycle vitamin E
Which co-enzyme associated with which B vitamin is involved in amino acid metabolism?
Coenzyme PLP - Vitamin B 6; RXNS transamination, deamination, decarboxylation, etc.
Non-heme iron is bound to food and must be released before absorption. What conditions help release iron from food?
- acidic environment (HCL) from gastric acid. 2. proteases from stomach + small intestine 3. orange juice (vitamin C)/vitamin C rich foods.
Selenium is a cofactor of some enzymes and plays a role in …..? List FXNs
As antioxidant, immune fxn, pancreatic fxn, DNA repair
What is a functional measurement of vitamin K
Whole blood clotting time. -prothrombin time (normal 11-14 sec; if more than 25 you are at major risk for bleeding). *done prior to surgery to make sure patient wont bleed out during major surgery,
Why are newborns at a higher risk for vitamin K deficiency?
Placenta doesn’t allow vitamin K to pass through efficiently. Breast milk is low in Vitamin K., Liver is not mature yet to store vitamin K., Recycling of vitamin K is not yet efficient. Colon is sterile for few days after birth - zero necessary microflora to generate vitamin K., newborns are given a shot of vitamin K.
How might vitamin D play a role in treatment of psoriasis?
vitamin D regulates epithelial cell growth and development.
Which b vitamin in pharm doses (2-4 grams/day) can lower plasma cholesterol levels?
Niacin (nicotinic acid)
Name the disease/s associated with the follow vitamin deficiencies: Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin B5
T- Beriberi (wet, dry, cerebral)
R-Ariboflavinosis
N-Pellagra (4 ds)
B5- burning feet syndrome
Which B vitamin is required by carboxylases to add carbon to energy pathways?
Biotin
Vitamin A increases resistance to infection, how?
- maintaining skin integrity
- enhances antibody production
- increases T-cell count
- increases natural killer cells
Which amino acid is dependent on vitamin k?
Glutamic Acid
What mineral and macronutrient deficiency can lead to low vitamin A status (due to insufficient retinol binding protein)?
zinc and protein
Which mineral is needed for digestion and absorption of folate?
Zinc, brush border conjugase is zinc-dependent
What are the functions of thiamin?
Coenzyme roles: energy transformation and synthesis of pentose +NADPH
Non coenzyme roles: Membrane + nerve conduction
What is the importance of meal frequency?
Maintain glycemic response, lower glucose spike = lower insulin response
Which B-vitamin is involved in the following life sustaining RXNs:
Chemical RXNs to generate energy from food (fat, carbs, protein)
Synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, steroid hormones, melatonin, neurotransmitters
Metabolism of drugs and toxins
Vitamin B5: Pantothenic Acid (coenzyme A)
Which amino acid counterpart to vitamin E, protects cell membranes from oxidative damage, supports healthy aging, glycosylation, and free radical protection
Carnosine - amino acid
Which 3 B-vitamins must be freed from phosphate groups to function?
Thiamin, Riboflavin, B6
What interaction does vitamin A have with vitamin E? Vitamin K?
Vitamin E: increase beta carotene, decrease plasma vitamin E concentrations
Vitamin K: excess vitamin A intake interferes with vitamin K absorption
What is the active form of vitamin D?
Calcitriol.
1,25-(OH)2D3
Hormone D
What are FOS?
Fructoligosaccharides are a type of resistant starch prebiotic effect
What is iron turnover, why is it important?
Turnover = recycling
Iron absorbed from dietary iron cannot meet the daily needs of the body - so conservation and constant recycling of the body iron is needed to ensure adequate supply,
BMI Calculation?
Weight (lbs)/height (in2) x 703
kg/m2
What are the 5 steps in the Krebs cycle (Citric Acid/TCA cycle)
- pyruvate bines with acetyl CoA to form citrate
- oxidation to produce NADH
- ATP molecule produced by oxidation
- Oxidation by FAD to FADH2
- Returns to start, NADH formed
* NADH & FADH carry electrons to the ETC to be used for energy
What is glycolysis?
Conversion of glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules.
Goal produce ATP energy for our body.
How our cells FXN
What is the storage form of iron?
Ferritin = primary storage form of iron in cells
MNT for dialysis
Protein equilibrium
Potassium/sodium maintain balance
prevent fluid overload
balance with calcium, phosphorous, and PTH
Adequate levels of vitamins and minerals (folic acid, vitamin C, B-complex, Vitamin D)
Which amino acid has sugar producing qualities and production of immunoglobulin and antibodies?
Serine
What do RS produce when broken down/fermented in the colon?
SCFA (acetate, butyrate, propinate) and gases
Explain the digestion process for fat soluble vitamins - A, D, E, K?
In enterocytes (intestinal mucosal cells), Fat soluble vitamins are incorporated into chylomicrons for transport through the lymph into blood circulation
What are the three main hormones involved in Ca homeostasis in the blood/serum plasma?
PTH, Calcitonin, Calcitriol (vitamin D)
Which minerals use transferrin for transportation?
Iron (Fe3+), Manganese (Mn3+), Chromium
Which amino acid is a precursor to adrenal hormones epine/norepinephrine and thryoid hormones, mood enhancement, and appetite suppressant?
Tyrosine
Where is most vitamin E stored?
> 90% of vitamin E is in fat droplets in adipose tissue
Which two vitamins are needed for the metabolism of homocysteine to methionine
Folate and B12
What are the two vitamin K dependent proteins in the bone, cartilage, and dentine? What two vitamins stimulate vitamin K?
2 proteins - osteocalcin and matrix GLa protein
Synthesis of these proteins is stimulated by vitamin D and Vitamin A.
Interplay of Vitamin D, K, and A in bone formation
What transporter carries copper? Why might this cause problems?
DMTI, same transporter as iron, zinc, and manganese, calcium
any mineral with 2 charges can be carried by DMTI which can lead to comeptition between minerals
What are some clinical applications of zinc?
Infections disease/common cold: enhances immune system funtion.
Trauma/burns/wound healing: regulates immune response, enhances protein synthesis, and wound healing
Male fertility ,increases sperm quality
Skin diseases - acne and psoriasis
Correct delayed growth and sex maturation
What is the active form of vitamin D called? Circulating and storage form?
Active = 1,25 (OH)2D3 = calcitriol Storage = 25 (OH)D = Calcidiol
Which amino acid aids in immune system regulation, nitrogen shuttling, oxidative stress, muscle preservation, intestinal health (energy source for enterocytes), injuries?
Glutamine
What are the two methods of calcium absorption in the small intestine?
Saturable, carrier-mediated, active transport (primary method): requires energy and regulated vitamin D
Passive: no carriers or energy needed, absorption that occurs between cells, occurs when calcium concentrations are high in the lumen
What two proteins are required for retinol transport in the blood?
Retinol binding protein and transthyretin aka prealbumin aka thyroxine-binding globulin
We want Ferric (3+) to be bound to transferrin while being transported, why?
If ferric iron is left unbound during transport, reacts with H202 and forms hydroxyl radicals (iron can be a pro-oxidant) and bacteria uses iron for their own growth
Megaloblastic Macrocytic anemia can be corrected with large doses of ______ but this will not correct neuropathy associated with B12 deficiency.
Folate
FXN of Insulin
FXN: Lowers blood glucose. Secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas. Anabolic effect on carbs
Which vitamin/mineral:
- affects iron status - used in combo with iron can treat iron deficient anemia
- can be used to treat psoriasis (2)
- used to treat lead toxicity
- increases sperm quality
- function as acid base balance
- vitamin A
- Vitamin D and Zinc
- calcium
- zinc
- phosphorous
Synthesis of 2 proteins (in bone, cartilage, and teeht) osteocalcin and matrix GLa protein are vitamin K dependent, but are stimulate by which two vitamins?
Calcitriol (D) and Retinoic Acid (A)
Which mineral increases renal excretion of calcium? Which mineral has the opposite effect, decreasing renal excretion of calcium?
Sodium
Potassium
Which amino acid precursor for serotonin and melatonin, enhances relaxation and sleep, soothes nerves and anxiety, reduces carb cravings?
Tryptophan
Which amino acid is vital for maintenance of myelin sheaths surrounding nerves, particularly auditory (hearing) nerve, used to treat some hearing disabilities?
HIstidine
Which amino acid is formed from glutamic acid and B6, tx of depression, bipolar, seizures, PMS, anxiety, found in the brain?
GABA
Which amino acid prevents being over nervous or over calm, transport of nitrogen?
Asparagine
What are the functions of vitamin A?
- Vision
- cell differentiation
- growth (bone, skin integrity)
- Reproduction (sperm production and fertility)
- Bone Development
- Immune system function (healthy mucous membranes)
What factors interfere with thiamin availability>
pH>8, heat, cooking with water
Thiaminases = antithiamin factors in food that destroy the vitamin (raw fish, brussel sprouts, and cabbage)
Polyphenols in coffe and tea
Vitamin C prevents destruction of thiamin (b/c of acidity)
Hypocalcemia may result in tetany which is intermittent muscle contractions that fail to relax.
This can occur with what mineral deficiency? Can also occur b/c of a diff mineral toxicity?
Calcium deficiency (and magnesium) and Phosphorus Toxicity
Explain the role of stomach acid in B12 digestion and absorption
Pepsin is needed in order to release cobalamin from polypeptides. When stomach acid is low, pepsin wont be activated. So food will stay bound to b12, inhibiting absorption.
Which amino acid regulates activity of thymus gland to product T-lymphocytes for immunity, produces nitric oxide cardiovascular health?
Arginine - L-arginine for blood pressure
Which amino acid aids in production of collagen, wound healing, component of medical wound dressing?
Proline
What are the primary functions of vitamin A? Vitamin D?
Vitamin A: synthesis of rhodopsin and other light receptor pigments, cell differentiation, bone development, and immune function
Vitamin D: Regulates bone mineral metabolism, blood calcium homeostasis, cell differentiation, proliferation and growth.
Name the conditions cause by vitamin D deficiency
Rickets: seizures, growth retardation, failure of bone to mineralize, visible enlarged wrists, ankles, and knees
Osteomalacia: bone mineralization defects, results from prolonged elevation in the blood PTH
What two proteins are involved in the digestion and absorption of vitamin B12? What may interfere with these two proteins, therefore inhibiting b12 absorption?
R proteins and Intrinsic Factor. Stomach issues (gastric ulcers, gastric bypass, stomach cancers) can interfere with these two proteins - therefore inhibiting absorption of B12.
Which B vitamin decomposes when exposed to light, but is resistant to heat, oxidation, and acid?
Riboflavin (B2)
What are good sources of folate?
Chicken/Beef liver, spinach, lentils, beans, beets, and fortified grains
What is rhodopsin made of? What is the importance of rhodopsin?
Vitamin A containing protein pigment, found in the rods. Made up of vitamin A as 11-cis retinal and protein opsin
Y-Linked Inheritance affects which sex? Who carries, who expresses, examples
Affects only males (XY chromosome males). All male offspring of an affected male will have disorder
Which amino acid is used in treatment for muscle, mental and emotional upset, insomnia, and nervousness?
Valine
Which B vitamin is involved in pentose phosphate pathway?
Thiamin
What are the two forms of phosphorus? Which is better?
Organic: Animal organs, more bioavailable
Inorganic: Plant sources - phytate
