Nose, Mouth, Throat, Neck Flashcards
What are the causes of rhinorrhea and nasal congestion? What is rhinitis medicamentosa?
Rhinorrhea and nasal congestion may be caused by viral infections, allergic rhinitis, and vasomotor
rhinitis.
Rhinitis medicamentosa is rhinitis due to excessive use of decongestants worsening symptoms.
Define epistaxis. What are its local and systemic causes?
Epistaxis means nosebleed. Local causes include trauma, inflammation, drying and crusting of nasal
mucosa, tumors, and foreign bodies. Systemic causes include bleeding disorders.
What are the symptoms of Strep Pharyngitis?
Fever, pharyngeal exudate, and anterior lymphadenopathy, especially in the absence of cough.
What are the causes of acute and chronic hoarseness of voice?
Acute causes of hoarseness include overuse of the voice and acute infections.
Chronic causes of hoarseness include smoking, allergy, voice abuse, hypothyroidism, chronic infections,
and tumor.
How does nasal mucosa look in viral rhinitis and allergic rhinitis?
viral rhinitis - red, swollen mucosa
allergic rhinitis - pale, bluish or red mucosa
What are the possible causes of nasal septum perforation?
trauma, surgery, intranasal use of cocaine or amphetamine
What are the characteristics of nasal polyps?
pale, saclike growths of inflamed tissue that can obstruct air passage or sinuses
What are the signs and symptoms of acute sinusitis?
local tenderness, pain, fever, discharge
What are two infections causing exudative tonsillitis? What are the signs and symptoms?
group A streptoccal infection
infectious mononucleosis
red throat, white exudate, fever, enlarged cervical nodes
What are the characteristics, causes, and associated conditions (if any) of angular cheilitis, actinic cheilitis, angioedema, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, Peutz Jeghers syndrome?
angular cheilitis - softening and cracking of angles of the mouth due to nutritional deficiency or, more commonly, to overclosure of the mouth
actinic cheilitis - loses its normal redness and may become scaly, somewhat thickened, and slightly everted due to excess sun exposure
angioedema - diffuse, tense, subcutaneous swelling, usually allergic
hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia - red spots, associated bleeding from nose and GI
Peutz Jeghers syndrome - brown spots of lips and buccal mucosa, intestinal polyps
What are the physical exam findings in oral cavity and throat in diphtheria, thrush, Kaposi’s sarcoma, measles?
diphtheria - dull red throat, gray exudate (pseudomembrane)
thrush - thick, white plaques adherent to mucosa
Kaposi’s sarcoma - deep purple lesions
measles - Koplik’s spots - small white specks resembling grains of salt on red background
What is the gum finding in lead poisoning?
black line
What are the causes of marginal gingivitis and gingival hyperplasia?
marginal gingivitis - poor oral hygiene
gingival hyperplasia - phenytoin therapy, pregnancy, puberty, leukemia
Describe Hutchison’s teeth. In which condition is it present?
smaller, spaced out, notched
congenital syphillis
Paralysis of which nerve causes asymmetric tongue protrusion?
CN XII
What are the first and seconds most common sites of cancer in the mouth? What types of lesions are suspicious of cancer?
lip, tongue
red or white nodules especially indurated
What are the causes and characteristics of smooth tongue and hairy leukoplakia?
smooth tongue - loss of papillae, caused by vitamin B deficiency, iron deficiency or chemotherapy
hairy leukoplakia - white, raised hairy areas, usually on side. Seen in AIDS, HIV
What are the exam findings in soft palate and uvula in CN X paralysis?
the soft palate fails to rise and the uvula deviates to the opposite side
Name the lymph nodes of head and neck in sequence of examination. Mention the location of each. What aspects of node should you note?
Pre auricular group post auricular group occipital group tonsils group submandibular group submental group superficial cervical group posterior cervical group deep cervical group supraclavicular group
note for size, shape, delimitation, consistency, tenderness
What are the significance of enlarged supraclavicular node, tender nodes, hard or fixed nodes, generalized lymphadenopathy?
supraclavicular node - possible metastasis from a thoracic or an abdominal malignancy
tender node - inflammation
hard or fixed node - cancer
generalized lymphadenopathy - HIV/AIDS
What are the thoracic causes that can cause deviation of trachea from its usual midline position?
mediastinal mass, atelectasis,
or a large pneumothorax
What are the tips for palpating thyroid gland from posterior approach?
Ask patient to flex neck slightly
Place finger of both hands w/ index finger just below cricoid cartilage
Ask patient to sip and swallow water. Feel for thyroid isthmus rising up under your finger pads.
What are the causes of enlarged soft thyroid gland and enlarged firm thyroid gland?
soft - Graves’ disease
hard - Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, malignancy
What are the three important causes of facial swelling? What are the characteristic features of each?
Cushing’s syndrome - moon face, red cheeks
Nephrotic syndrome - Periorbital edema, Puffy pale face, swollen lips
Myxedema - dull, puffy, dry face, periorbital edema w/ no pitting
What are the causes of chronic bilateral asymptomatic enlargement, gradual unilateral enlargement and acute enlargement of parotid glands?
chronic bilateral asymptomatic enlargement -obesity, diabetes, cirrhosis
gradual unilateral enlargement - neoplasm
acute enlargement - mumps
What are the facial features in Parkinson’s disease?
masklike face with decreased blinking and a characteristic stare
