Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Health Assessment > Nose, Mouth & Throat > Flashcards

Nose, Mouth & Throat Flashcards

1
Q

the superior part (nasal bone)

A

Bridge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the anterior part of nose (cartilage)

A

Tip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

filter coarse matter from entering nasal cavity

A

Hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

filters dust and bacteria. The rich blood supply warms and humidifies the air

A

Ciliated mucous membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

increase the surface are of the nasal cavity so that more air is filtered, warmed, and humidified

A

Turbinates (conchae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Present at birth

A

Ethmoid and maxillary sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

develop
between 7 and 8 years

A

Frontal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

develop after puberty

A

Sphenoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

nose is symmetric, midline, proportional

A

Normal external nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

nasal mucosa pink, smooth, and moist

A

Normal findings nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Abnormal findings of nasal cavity

A

note any bleeding, swelling, redness, discharge, foreign body
Rhinitis – mucosa swollen, red, and often includes discharge (watery,
thick, purulent, green) in upper resp infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

(benign growths) – smooth, gray, avascular, mobile, nontender

A

Polyps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Midline placement. Shape symmetrical and consistent with age, gender, and
race/ethnic group.
No nasal flaring.
No drainage.

A

Normal findings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Misalignment of nose or shape inconsistent with patient’s biographical information
Nasal flaring
Clear, bilateral drainage
Clear, unilateral drainage
Clear, mucoid drainage
Yellow or green drainage
Bloody drainage

A

Abnormal findings of external nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Trauma, hypertension, or bleeding disorders.

A

Bloody drainage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Upper respiratory infection.

A

Yellow or green drainage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Viral rhinitis

A

Clear, mucoid drainage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

May be spinal fluid as a result of head trauma or fracture

A

Clear, unilateral drainage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Allergic rhinitis

A

Clear, bilateral drainage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Suggests respiratory distress, especially in infants, who are obligatory nose breathers

A

Nasal flaring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Previous trauma, congenital deformity, surgical alteration, or mass. Abnormal shape also associated with typical facies, including acromegaly or Down syndrome.

A

Misalignment of nose or shape inconsistent with patient’s biographical information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

• Have the patient occlude one nostril with a finger.
• Ask the patient to breath in and out through the nose as you observe and listen for air
movement in and out of the nostril.
• Repeat on the other side.

A

Procedure (PATENCY)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Internal Inspection

A

a. Position the patient with the head in an extended position
b. Place the non dominant hand firmly on the top of the patient’s head
c. Using the thumb of the same hand, lift the tip of the patient’s nose.
d. Gently insert the nasal speculum.
e. Assess each nostril separately
f. Observe for: COLOR, DISCHARGE, SWELLING, DRAINAGE, LESIONS, POLYPS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Normal findings of internal nose

A

■ Pink, variations consistent with ethnic group/race and with oral mucosa.
■ Moist, with only clear, scant mucus present.
■ Intact, with no lesions or perforations.
■ No crusting or polyps.
■ Septum located midline.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Abnormal findings in internal nose

A

Bright red mucosa
Pale or gray mucosa
Copious or colored discharge
Clustered vesicles
Ulcers or perforations
Dried crusted blood
Polyps
Deviated septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Inflammation from rhinitis or sinusitis; also suggests cocaine abuse.

A

Bright red mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Allergic rhinitis

A

Pale or gray mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Allergic or infectious disorder, epistaxis, head or nose trauma.

A

Copious or colored discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Herpes infection

A

Clustered vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Chronic infection, trauma, or cocaine use

A

Ulcers or perforations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Previous epistaxis

A

Dried crusted blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Allergies, irritation or chronic infections

A

Polyps (elongated, rounded projections)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Normal variant or following trauma.

A

Deviated septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Observe the patient’s face for any swelling around the nose and eyes.

A

Inspection of the sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

There is no evidence of swelling around the nose and eyes

A

Normal findings of sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

SINUSITIS

A

Abnormal findings of sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Palpation and Percussion of sinuses

A

Stand in front of the patient.
Gently press the thumb under the bony ridge of the upper orbits (for the frontal sinus).
Under the infraorbital ridge using the thumb or middle finger (for maxillary sinus).
Observe for the presence of pain.
Percuss the areas using the mid or index finger of the dominant hand (immediate percussion)
Note the sound.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

No discomfort during palpation and percussion. Air-filled – resonant.

A

Normal findings of sinuses(palpation & percussion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

If palpation and percussion of the sinuses suggests sinusitis,

A

TRANSILLUMINATION OF THE SINUSES should be performed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

TO EVALUATE THE FRONTAL SINUSES

A

• Patient should be in a sitting position in the dark room.
• Place the penlight under the bony ridge of the upper orbit.
• Observe the red glow over the sinuses and compare the symmetry of the two sides.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

TO EVALUATE THE MAXILLARY SINUSES

A

• Place the patient in a sitting position facing you.
• Place the light source firmly under each eye and just above the infraorbital ridge.
• Ask the patient to open the mouth; observe the red glow on the hard palate. Compare the
two sides.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Head and Neck Nodes

A

◼ Preauricular
◼ Posterior auricular
◼ Occipital
◼ Tonsillar
◼ Submandibular
◼ Submental
◼ Superficial cervical
◼ Posterior cervical
◼ Deep cervical
◼ Supraclavicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Inspect Lips

A

COLOR, MOISTURE, SWELLING, LESIONS, INFLAMMATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Palpation of lips

A

LESIONS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Abnormal findings of lips

A

PALLOR
CRACKED LIPS
SWELLING OF THE LIPS
CHEILOSIS
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
HERPES SIMPLEX
CHANCRE
LEUKOPLAKIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Palpation procedure for lips

A

a. Don gloves
b. Gently pull down the patient’s lower lip with the thumb and index finger of one hand and
pull up the patient’s upper lip with the thumb and index finger of the other hand.
c. Note the tone of the lips as they are manipulated.
d. If lesions are present, palpate them for consistency and tenderness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Normal findings of palpation of lips

A

Lips should not be flaccid and lesions should not be present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Abnormal findings of palpation of lips

A

Asymmetry of placement
Pallor
Cyanosis
Redness
Cheilitis (inflammation of lips), drying, and cracking
Cheilosis (fissures at corners of lips)
Chancre
Angioedema
Herpes simplex (clustered area of fullness/nodularity that forms vesicles, then ulceration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Congenital deformity, trauma, paralysis, or surgical alteration

A

Asymmetry of placement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Anemia

A

Pallor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Inflammatory or infectious disorder

A

Redness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Vasoconstriction or hypoxia

A

Cyanosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Infectious or inflammatory disorder

A

Lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Cheilitis

A

Dehydration, allergy, lip licking.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

(inflammation of lips), drying, and cracking

A

Cheilitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Deficiency of B vitamins or maceration related to overclosure

A

Cheilosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Single, painless ulcer of primary syphilis

A

Chancre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Allergic response

A

Angioedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Herpes simplex

A

Herpes viral infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Herpes simplex

A

(clustered area of fullness/nodularity that forms vesicles, then ulceration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Assessment of the tongue

A

a. Ask the patient to stick out the tongue (CN XII)
DORSAL & VENTRAL SURFACE:
COLOR
HYDRATION
TEXTURE
SYMMETRY
FASCICULATIONS
ATROPHY
POSITION IN THE MOUTH
LESIONS
b. Ask the patient to move the tongue from side to side, up and down.
c. With the tongue back in the mouth , ask the patient to press it against the cheek. Provide
resistance with your tongue depressor. Note the strength of the tongue and compare it bilaterally.
c. Ask the patient to touch the tip of the tongue to the roof of the mouth or grasp the tip of the
tongue with a gauze, inspect and palpate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Normal findings of tongue

A

Tongue is in the midline of the mouth.
Dorsum of the tongue should be pink, moist, rough (from the taste buds), and without lesions.
Coloring may vary consistent with ethnic group/race.
Mucosa intact with no lesions or discolorations.
Papillae intact. Tongue is freely and symmetrically mobile (CN XII intact).
The strength of the tongue is symmetrical and strong.
The ventral surface of the tongue has prominent blood vessels and should be moist without
lesions.
Wharton’s ducts are patent and without inflammation or lesions.
Lateral aspect of the tongue should be pink, smooth and lesion free

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Abnormal findings of tongue

A

Absence of papillae, reddened mucosa, ulcerations
Color changes
Black, hairy tongue
Hypertrophy and discoloration of papillae
Reddened, smooth, painful tongue, with or without ulcerations (glossitis)
Cancers may form on the tongue and on other oral mucosa.
PROTRUSION OF THE TONGUE
ENLARGED TONGUE
LEUKOPLAKIA
THRUSH
DEVIATION OF THE TONGUE
GEOGRAPHIC TONGUE
HEMANGIOMA
SCROTAL TONGUE
FISSURED TONGUE
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE TONGUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Allergic, inflammatory, or infectious cause

A

Absence of papillae, reddened mucosa, ulcerations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Color changes

A

May indicate underlying problems; for example, red “beefy” tongue is seen with pernicious anemia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Black, hairy tongue

A

Fungal infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Hypertrophy and discoloration of papillae

A

Antibiotic use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Reddened, smooth, painful tongue, with or without ulcerations (glossitis)

A

Anemia, chemical irritants, medications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Assessment of the teeth

A

◼ Instruct the patient to open the mouth
◼ Observe dentures or orthodontics fit
◼ Remove any dentures
◼ Shine the penlight in the mouth
◼ Use the tongue depressor to move the tongue to visualize the gums
◼ Inspect color, condition, lesions of mucosa
◼ Observe for redness, swelling, bleeding, retraction from the teeth or discoloration
◼ Note condition of gingiva, bleeding, retraction, or hypertrophy

70
Q

Normal findings of teeth

A

◼ Gum margins are well-defined
◼ Gums consistent in color with other mucosa and intact
◼ No pockets are found in between the gums and teeth
◼ No swelling, No bleeding
◼ Color variants acceptable if consistent with patient’s ethnic group/race
◼ Color is pale red in light-skinned individuals
◼ Patchy brown pigmentation in dark-skinned individuals.

71
Q

Abnormal findings of teeth

A

Painful, reddened mucosa, often with mildly adherent white patches
Reddened, inflamed oral mucosa, sometimes accompanied by ulcerations
Small, painful vesicles that often have a reddened periphery and a white or pale yellowish base
Nodular, macular, or papular lesions widely involving the integument and often evident on the oral mucosa
Inflammatory changes of the integument, often found on oral mucosa as chronic gray, lacy
patches with or without ulceration
Reddened mucosal change that may progress to form cancer
Gingivitis
Recession of gums
Gum hyperplasia
Leukemia
Early HIV periodontitis and Advanced HIV periodontitis
Leukoplakia
Cancer on the oral mucosa
Fordyce granules

72
Q

Candida albicans

A

Painful, reddened mucosa, often with mildly adherent white patches

73
Q

Reddened, inflamed oral mucosa, sometimes accompanied by ulcerations

A

Allergic stomatitis

74
Q

Small, painful vesicles that often have a reddened periphery and a white or pale yellowish base

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma. Incidence has increased with the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

75
Q

Inflammatory changes of the integument, often found on oral mucosa as chronic gray, lacy
patches with or without ulceration

A

Lichen planus. May progress to neoplasm

76
Q

Reddened mucosal change that may progress to form cancer

A

Erythroplakia

77
Q

Gingivitis

A

Pale or gray gingivae: Chronic gingivitis

78
Q

Recession of gums

A

Gum recession or inflammatory gum changes (gingivitis/periodontal
disease)

79
Q

Cause of recession of gums

A

Poor dental hygiene or vitamin deficiency

80
Q

Gum hyperplasia

A

Side effect of medications, such as dilantin or calcium channel blockers

81
Q

Leukemia

A

Inflamed, bleeding gingivae may also be seen with leukemia

82
Q

Early HIV periodontitis and Advanced HIV periodontitis

A

Inflamed, bleeding gingivae may
also be seen with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

83
Q

Leukoplakia

A

White, adherent mucosal thickening: May progress to cancer

84
Q

Cancer on the oral mucosa

A

Cancer on lip or oral mucosa:Cancers can be found on the
lips, gums, oral mucosa or other areas of the mouth and are associated with tobacco use and
alcohol abuse

85
Q

Fordyce granules

A

Enlarged sebaceous glands on buccal mucosa, white/yellow raised lesions

86
Q

ASSESSING the TEETH and JAW ALIGNMENT

A

a. Have patient open and close mouth. Note occlusion and number, color, condition of teeth.
b. Count the upper and lower teeth.
c. Observe teeth for discoloration, loose or missing teeth, caries, malocclusion and malformation.

87
Q

Normal findings of hard and soft palate

A

Color - pink and concave
- no lesions, no malformation
■ Palate intact, smooth, pink.
■ Bony, mucosa-covered projection on the hard palate (torus palatinus) or on floor of mouth
(torus mandible) are normal variations.

88
Q

Abnormal findings of hard and soft palate

A

Torus palatinus
Torus mandible
Perforation: Congenital or from trauma or drug use
Cocaine use
HIV palatal candidiasis

89
Q

Assessing the throat

A

◼ Ask the patient to tilt the head back and to open the mouth widely.
◼ With the right hand, place the tongue blade on the middle third of the tongue.
◼ With the left hand, shine a light at the back of the patient’s throat.
◼ Ask the patient to say AHHH.
◼ Observe the position, size, color and general appearance of the tonsils and uvula.

90
Q

Assessing the oropharynx

A

Inspect oropharynx for color, lesions, and drainage.

91
Q

Normal findings of oropharynx

A

■ Mucosa is pink, moist, intact. The lymphoid-rich posterior wall may have a slightly irregular
surface.
■ No lesions, erythema, swellings, exudate, or discharge.

92
Q

Abnormal findings of oropharynx

A

Yellowish or green streaks of drainage on the posterior wall
Gray membrane/adherent material
White or pale patches of exudates with erythemic mucosa
Erythema
Scattered vesicles/ulcerations

93
Q

Yellowish or green streaks of drainage on the posterior wall

A

Postnasal drainage

94
Q

Gray membrane/adherent material

A

Diphtheria

95
Q

White or pale patches of exudates with erythemic mucosa

A

Infection, including streptococcal
bacterial infection or mononucleosis viral infection. Gonorrhea and chlamydia are also associated with exudative pharyngitis

96
Q

Erythema

A

Inflammatory response, typically associated with infectious pharyngitis; also common in smokers

97
Q

Scattered vesicles/ulcerations

A

Herpangioma

98
Q

Normal findings of tonsils

A

■ Locate tonsils posterior to arches on sides of throat.
■ Note color, size, and exudate.
■ Symmetrical, pink, clean crypts. Crypts may have normal variation of small food particles
(tonsilar pearls) or scant amounts of white cellular debris.

99
Q

Abnormal findings of tonsils

A

■ Bulges adjacent to the tonsilar pillars: Potential peritonsillar abscess.
■ Reddened, hypertrophic tonsil, with or without exudates: Acute infection or tonsillitis.
■ Lymphoid cobblestoning.
■ Enlarged tonsils with exudates.

100
Q

ASSESSING the SALIVARY GLANDS

A

◼ Stensen’s duct: Inspect inner aspect of cheek (buccal mucosa) opposite the second upper
molar.
◼ Wharton’s duct: Have patient lift tongue and inspect the floor of mouth

101
Q

Normal findings of salivary glands

A

■ Stensen’s duct intact at buccal mucosa at level of second molars.
■ Wharton’s duct intact at either side of frenulum.
■ Both ducts with moist and pink mucosa; no lesions, swelling, or nodules.

102
Q

Abnormal findings of salivary glands

103
Q

Parotitis

A

Fullness or inflammatory changes of glands: Blockage of duct by calculi, infection, malignancy. Parotitis is inflammation of parotid glands.

104
Q

Normal findings in assessing the uvula

A

◼ When the patient says AHH, the soft palate and the uvula should rise symmetrically (CN
IX, glossopharyngeal & CN X, vagus ,intact).
◼ Uvula is in the midline, pink, moist, without lesions.
◼ Gag reflex should be present but congenitally absent in some (CN IX & X).

105
Q

Abnormal findings of uvula

A

■ Erythema, exudate, lesions: Infectious process.
■ Asymmetrical rise of the uvula: Problem with CN IX and CN X.
Cleft palate – Bifid Uvula

106
Q

ASSESSING the BUCCAL MUCOSA

A

a. Ask the patient to open the mouth as wide as possible.
b. Use a tongue depressor and the penlight to assess the inner cheeks and the opening of the
Stensen’s ducts.
c. Observe for color, inflammation, hydration and lesions.

107
Q

Normal findings of the buccal mucosa

A

Color - vary with race
Moist, smooth and free of lesions

108
Q

Abnormal findings of buccal mucosa

A

Stomatitis
Oral melanoma

109
Q

Common yeast infection that affects men& women. Not classified as STI

110
Q

Benign vascular tumor derived from blood vessel cell types

A

Hemangioma

111
Q

Normal findings of teeth and jaw alignment

A

Most adults have 28 teeth, or 32 if the four third molars, or wisdom teeth, are erupted, which
should be white, not loose, with good occlusion and in good repair. With smooth edges, in proper
alignment and without caries.

112
Q

Abnormal findings of teeth and jaw alignment

A

Overbite
Underbite
Malocclusion
Dental caries
Tetracycline staining
Fluorosis

113
Q

Fluorosis

A

Mottled enamel: (excessive fluoride)

113
Q

Discoloration of teeth: tetracycline may discolor teeth gray if
administered before puberty

A

Tetracycline staining

114
Q

Stomatitis

A

Inflammation & redness of the oral mucosa that can lead to pain& difficulty

115
Q

Very rare malignancy thag progresses rapidly & proves to be particularly aggressive

A

Oral melanoma

116
Q

made out of bone (whitish color)

A

Hard palate

117
Q

made out of muscle (more pink in color)

A

Soft palate

118
Q

hangs from middle of soft palate

119
Q

striated muscle assist with mastication and swallowing. Papillae on dorsal surface of tongue hold neurons responsible for taste

120
Q

Salivary glands

A

Parotid gland
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland

121
Q

Parotid gland

A

Located superior of mandibular angle

122
Q

Submandibular gland

A

Lies beneath the mandible

123
Q

Sublingual gland

A

Lies posterior to the tongue at the floor of the mouth

124
Q

Nasopharynx

A

◼ Located behind the nose, above the soft palate
◼ Contains adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils)
◼ Eustachian tube opens during swallowing to equalize pressure within the middle

125
Q

Oropharynx

A

◼ Located behind the mouth, below the nasopharynx
◼ Shared passageway for breathing and swallowing
◼ Contains palatine tonsils, which guard the body against microorganisms

126
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

◼ Extends from base of tongue to the esophagus
◼ Critical dividing point where solids are separated from air
◼ Divides larynx from esophagus

127
Q

Throat(Pharynx)

A

NASOPHARYNX —OROPHARYNX—LARYNGOPHARYNX

128
Q

◼ Children have 20 deciduous (temporary) teeth (compared to the adults’ 32).
◼ Deciduous teeth are lost beginning at 6 years until about 12

A

Developmental Considerations – Infants and Children

129
Q

◼ Nasal hair grow coarser and stiffer and may not filter air as well. Decreased sensation of
smell.
◼ Loss of taste due to soft tissue atrophy
◼ Decrease in salivary secretion
◼ Tooth surface is abraded. Gums begin to recede and erode.
◼ Poor oral hygiene may cause tooth loss, which increase the difficulty of mastication
◼ Use of medications may have anticholinergic effects, which further decrease salivation

A

Developmental Considerations – Aging

130
Q

Nasal discharge? (rhinorrhea)

A

Cold, allergies, sinus infection, trauma

131
Q

Frequent colds?

A

immunosuppression

132
Q

Epistaxis (nosebleeds)?

A

may occur with trauma, irritants

133
Q

Sores or lesions in mouth or oral cavity?

A

may be malignant

134
Q

Sore throat?

A

Determine if bacterial or viral cause. Strep throat may lead to rheumatic
fever. Are tonsils still in place?

135
Q

may indicate poor oral hygiene

A

Bleeding gums or toothache

136
Q

may be caused by GERD, pharyngitis, neurologic diseases, cancer

A

Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)?

137
Q

Black people normally have

A

Bluish lips

138
Q

What do bluish lips signify in light skinned people?

A

Hypoxemia or hypothermia

139
Q

Pallor on lips?

A

Anemia,shock

140
Q

Cherry red lips?

A

CO poisoning, acidosis

141
Q

Angular cheilitis (inflammation of lips)

A

Painful fissures at corners of mouth caused by Candida infection

142
Q

Herpes simplex virus

A

◼ Mostly HSV-1 virus, possibly HSV-2
◼ Vesicles or pustules, highly contagious

143
Q

Mostly crusted or ulcerated

144
Q

Teeth normally look white, straight, and free of decay. In the back, the upper molars should directly rest on the lower molars. In the front, upper incisors should overlap lower
incisors

A

Assessing the teeth

145
Q

Yellowing of teeth is a result of

A

Tobacco use

146
Q

misalignment of upper and lower teeth

A

Malocclusion

147
Q

tooth decay as result of acids produced by bacteria “eating”
carbohydrates and sugars, destroying enamel

A

Dental carries

148
Q

Normally the gums look pink, with well defined margins between teeth and gums

A

Assessing the gums

149
Q

enlargement of gums. Possible SA of Dilantin

A

Gingival hyperplasia

150
Q

redness, swelling, or bleeding of gum margins caused by anaerobic
bacteria as a result of poor dental hygiene or vitamin C deficiency . If disease is untreated and spreads to bone, the result is periodontitis

A

Gingivitis

151
Q

Absorption of bones

A

Periodontitis

152
Q

◼ Normally the tongue is pink with a roughened dorsal surface and moist underneath
◼ Inspect tongue by holding it with cotton gauze pad and moving to each side

A

Assessing the tongue

153
Q

Tongue abnormalities

A

Enlarged tongue (macroglossia)
Fissured tongue
Candidiasis
Atrophic Glossitis(glossy tongue)
Black hairy tongue
Carcinoma

154
Q

Enlarged tongue

A

Macroglossia

155
Q

occurs in Down syndrome, acromegaly, cretinism, myxedema

A

Enlarged tongue (macroglossia)

156
Q

congenital, benign. Mild form may be caused by dehydration

A

Fissured tongue

157
Q

◼ White, cheesy, patch on buccal mucosa or tongue
◼ Occurs after use of antibiotics, steroids, and immunosuppression (AIDS)

A

Candidiasis

158
Q

surface of tongue is smooth and shiny, burning. Occurs with pernicious anemia (vit B 12 deficiency), folic acid deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia

A

Atrophic Glossitis (glossy tongue)

159
Q

fungal infection usually due to prolonged antibiotic use

A

Black hairy tongue

160
Q

common underneath the tongue

161
Q

◼ Normal mucosa looks pink, smooth, and moist
◼ Inspect by using light and a tongue blade
◼ Note presence of Stensen’s ducts (openings of parotid gland) which are inflamed and red
with mumps
◼ Also notice breath. Fruity odor might indicate ketoacidosis.

A

Assessing the buccal mucosa

162
Q

Normal mucosa looks

A

pink, smooth, and moist

163
Q

prodromal sign of measles

A

Koplik’s spots

164
Q

◼ The anterior hard palate is normally filled with irregular transverse rugae
◼ Might appear yellow with jaundice in whites and yellow-brown in blacks
◼ The posterior soft palate is pinker, smooth, and upward movable. Contains the uvula
◼ To check for CN X (vagus nerve) reflex, ask person to open mouth and say
“ahhhh.” Uvula should move up.

A

Assessing the palate

165
Q

Palate abnormalities

A

Cleft palate

166
Q

a congenital defect where the maxillary process fails to fuse. This causes a gap in the hard palate and possibly the upper lip. Surgery required.

A

Cleft palate

167
Q

◼ Normal are pink at the sides of mouth, barely visible
◼ Inspect by depressing the tongue blade on the tongue
◼ During an upper respiratory infection, the tonsils become bright red, swollen, and might
contain exudate and/or white spots

A

Assessing the tonsils

168
Q

Tonsils visible

169
Q

Tonsils inflamed

170
Q

Tonsils touching uvula

171
Q

Tonsils touching each other

Health Assessment (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions