Nose, Mouth, and Throat Assessments Flashcards
turbinates
increase surface area so that more blood vessels and mucous membranes are available to warm, humidify, and filter inhaled air
meatus
the clef under each turbinate
middle meatus
sinus drainage
inferior meatus
where tears from the nasolacrimal duct drain
what are the two sinuses that are accessible to examination?
frontal and maxillary
paranasal sinuses
- air filled pockets with in the cranium
- Function: lighten skull, resonate sound production, provide mucus
which sinuses are present at birth?
maxillary and ethmoid
what are the 4 paranasal sinuses?
maxillary, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid
parotid gland
- lies within the cheeks in front of the ear extending from the zygomatic arch down to the angle of the jaw
- its duct, Stensen’s duct, runs forward to open on the buccal mucosa opposite the second molar
submandibular gland
- size of a walnut
- lies beneath the mandible at the angle of the jaw
- Wharton’s duct runs up and forward to the floor of the mouth and opens at either side of the frenulum
sublingual gland
- smallest
- lies within the floor of the mouth under the tongue
- has many small openings along the sublingual fold under the tongue
how many permanent teeth does an adult have
32
oropharynx
separated from the mouth by a fold of tissue on each side, the anterior tonsillar pillar
nasopharynx
continuous with the oropharynx although it is above the oropharynx and behind the nasal cavity
-pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) and the Eustachian tube openings are located here
infants and children’s nose, mouth and throat
- salivation starts at 3 months, baby will drool for while before learning to swallow. this drooling does not herald the eruption of the first tooth
- deciduous, temporary teeth erupt between 6 months and 24 months of age. all 20 should appear by 2.5 years old. start losing at 6 years of age.
- teeth appear earlier in girls than boys and earlier in black children than white children
- nose develops during adolescence
- importance of fluoride (strong teeth)
Pregnant women’s nose, mouth and throat
- nasal stuffiness from hormones
- epistaxis (nose bleed) may occur as a result of increased vascularity
- gums recede, may bleed
- pregnancy gengivitis
older adults’ noses, mouths, and throats
- dry mouth from medication
- loss of taste
- loss of teeth/use of dentures
- malocclusion
- loss of smell
- gums recede
further problems of malocclusion
- further tooth loss
- muscle imbalance from a mandible and maxilla now out of alignment, which produces muscle spasms, tenderness of muscles of mastication, and chronic headaches
- stress on the TMJ, leading to osteoarthritis, pain, and inability to fully open mouth
Bifid Uvula
- uvula is split either completely or partially
- mainly seen in Asians and American Indians
cleft lip/palate
-most common in Asian americans and American indians
torus palatinus
- benign bony ridge running in the middle of the hard palate
- Asians
- more common in women than men
leukoedema
- milky bluish white opaque appearance of the buccal mucosa
- darkly pigmented people
Natal Teeth
- babies born with teeth
- rare
- more common among American indians
Teeth of black people
- experience less tooth decay than whites
- harder and denser tooth enamel which makes their teeth less susceptible to the organisms that cause caries
pallor of gums
shock, anemia
cyanosis of gums
hypoxemia, chilling
cherry red gums
- carbon monoxide poisoning
- acidosis from aspirin poisoning
- ketoacidosis
Trans illumination
no evidence to support this practice. many healthy sinuses normally will not trans illuminate
how do you grade tonsils?
1+ Visible
2+ halfway between tonsillar pillars and uvula
3+ touching the uvula
4+ touching each other
Rhinorrhea
nasal discharge that occurs with colds, allergies, sinus infections and trauma
epistaxis
nose bleed
deviated septum
- may be caused by trauma
- may cause nares to be obstructed, breathing issues
untreated strep throat can lead to what?
rheumatic fever
hoarseness of the larynx has many causes such as…
- overuse of voice
- upper respiratory infection
- chronic inflammation
- lesions
- neoplasm
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
-occurs with pharyngitis, gastroesophageal reflux diseas, stroke, esophageal cancer
prolonged bottle use increases risk for what?
- tooth decay and middle ear infections
prolonged thumb sucking may affect…
occlusion
bruxism
grinding of teeth, usually occurs during sleep
xerostomia
dry mouth
absence of a sniff indicates what in the nose?
- holding one side and suck/blow
- indicated obstruction if no sniff occurs
rhinitis
nasal mucosa is swollen and bright red with URI
the gag reflex tests what?
- cranial nerves IX and X
- glossopharyngeal nerve- IX
- vagus nerve - X
by asking the patient to stick out their tongue what cranial nerve are you
crainial nerve XII - hypoglossal nerve
-should protrude in the midline
halitosis
breath odor
-commonly caused by local causes such as poor oral hygiene, consumption of odoriferous foods, alcohol consumption, heavy smoking, dental infection
a fine tremor of the tongue occurs with what?
hyperthyroidism
a coarse tremor of the tongue occurs with what?
cerebral palsy and alcoholism
with cranial nerve XII damage the tongue deviates…
toward the paralyzed side
what occurs with the nose in infants experiencing respiratory distress?
nasal flaring
Epstein pearls
- a normal finding in newborns and infants.
- small, whitish, glistening, pearly papules along the median raphe of the hard palate and on the gums
tetracycline can have what effects on infants?
yellowing teeth
babies teeth can appear green or black due to what?
excessive iron ingestion, although this reverses when the iron is stopped
ankyloglossia
short, lingual frenulum
-can limit protrusion and impair speech development
perforated septum
hole in the septum
furuncle
small boil located in the skin or mucous membrane inside nose
-appears red and swollen and is quite painful
sinusitis
facial pain, after URI
nasal polyp
- smooth, pale gray nodules, which are overgrowths of mucosa
- commonly caused by chronic allergic rhinitis
retention cyst (mucocele)
- round, well defined, translucent nodule inside of mouth
- pocket of mucus that forms when a duct of a minor salivary gland ruptures
leukoplakia
chalky white thick raised non removable patch caused by chronic irritation
oral Kaposi sarcoma
- bruiselike, dark red or violet, confluent macule, usually on hard palate
- among the earliest lesions that develop with AIDS
macroglossia
enlarged tongue
black hairy tongue
- fungal
- occurs after use of antibiotics
