North Africa/Southwest Asia

Question 1

This realm is commonly referred to as the _______ ____

Answer 1

Middle East

Question 2

What are other labels for this realm?

Answer 2

Arab World and Islamic World

Question 3

What is the world’s largest Muslim state today?

Answer 3

Indonesia

Question 4

The World’s dominate monotheistic religions originated in the NASWA realm. What are these religion in order?

Answer 4

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

Question 5

Today, this realm is a cauldron of religious and political turmoil- complicated by ______ interventions, tormented by internal _____, empowered and enriched by ____ in selected places, and plagued by grinding ______ in many others.

Answer 5

foreign, conflict, oil, poverty

Question 6

______ _______ is a wide-ranging and comprehensive field that studies spatial aspects of human cultures, focusing not inly on cultural landscapes but also on culture hearths.

Answer 6

Cultural geography

Question 7

_______ ______ is the crucibles of civilization, the sources of ideas, innovations, and ideologies that transformed regions and realms.

Answer 7

Culture hearths

Question 8

Those ideas and innovations spread far and wide through a set of processes that we study under the rubric of _____ ______

Answer 8

cultural diffusion

Question 9

Another aspect of cultural geography, particularly noteworthy in the context of the NASWA realm is the study of ______ _________ that a dominant culture creates.

Answer 9

cultural landscape

Question 10

What are the major rivers of this realm?

Answer 10

Tigris, Euphrates, and Nile

Question 11

Where are the Tigris-Euphrates located?

Answer 11

Turkey, Syria, and Iraq

Question 12

Where is the Nile located?

Answer 12

Egypt

Question 13

The basins of the major rivers of this realms lay two of the world’s earliest _______ ______

Answer 13

culture hearth

Question 14

____________ possessed fertile alluvial soil, abundant sunshine, ample water, and animals and plants that could be domesticated

Answer 14

Mesopotamia (means land between the rivers)

Question 15

Where did the fertile crescent extend to?

Answer 15

from Mesopotamia across southwestern Turkey into Syria and the eastern Mediterranean coast beyond

Question 16

The ______ ________ _______ states that cities that could control irrigated farming over large hinterlands held power over others, used food as a weapon, and prospered.

Answer 16

Hydraulic Civilization Theory

Question 17

What is an example of a city that was successful according to the hydraulic civilization theory?

Answer 17

Babylon

Question 18

The ______ provided a natural fortress and was a leading avenue of trade and interaction

Answer 18

Nile

Question 19

___________ and ________ domesticated cereals (wheat, rye, barley), vegetables (peas, beans), fruits (grapes, apples, peaches), and several animals (horses, pigs, sheep)

Answer 19

Mesopotamians, Egyptians

Question 20

The Mesopotamians and Egyptians also advanced the study of what?

Answer 20

the calendar, mathematics, astronomy, government, engineering, metallurgy, and a host of other skills and technologies

Question 21

In a town called _______, a man names _________ in the year ______ began receive revelations from Allah`

Answer 21

Mecca, Muhammed, 611

Question 22

What year did Muhammed flee Mecca? Where did he flee to?

Answer 22

622, Medina

Question 23

What are the five pillars of Islam?

Answer 23

1. repeated expression of the basic creed
2. daily prayer
3. a month each year of daytime fasting
4. the giving of alms
5. at least one pilgrimage to Mecca in each Muslim’s lifetime

Question 24

The spread of Islam provides a good illustration of a set of processes known as _____ _______ that focus the way ideas, inventions, and cultural practices propagate through a population in space and time.

Answer 24

spatial diffusion

Question 25

Diffusion takes place in two forms: ________ and _____

Answer 25

expansion and relocation

Question 26

_______ ______ is when propagation waves originate in a strong and durable source area and spread outward, affecting an ever larger region and population

Answer 26

expansion diffusion

Question 27

_______ ______ is when migrants carry an innovation or an idea

Answer 27

Relocation diffusion

Question 28

______ became the cornerstone of an Arab Empire with Medina as its first capital

Answer 28

Islam

Question 29

What is the Levant?

Answer 29

the lands bordering the Mediterranean's eastern coast, extending inland for about 200 miles

Question 30

What two other major faiths originated in the Levant?

Answer 30

Christianity and Judaism

Question 31

Roughly 90 percent of all Muslims are _____

Answer 31

Sunnis

Question 32

The Ottomans conquered ___________ in ____ and then pushed into southeastern Europe

Answer 32

Constantinople, 1453

Question 33

The Ottoman Empire under the rule of _________ the ________ was the most powerful state in eastern Eurasia

Answer 33

Suleyman the Magnificent

Question 34

__?

Answer 34

more than 4 centuries, 1923`

Question 35

The European powers took over the Ottoman Empire and turned them into colonies now known as what?

Answer 35

Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Yemen

Question 36

States with strong internal division

Answer 36

Iraq and Lebanon

Question 37

Stateless nations

Answer 37

Palestinians, Kurds, Berbers

Question 38

Territories in the process of integration

Answer 38

Western Sahara, Palestine

Question 39

Three most important and largest territories of NASWA are what?

Answer 39

Egypt (North Africa), Turkey (threshold of Europe), and Iran (margins of Central Asia)

Question 40

_____ _____ is the world's largest oil exporter

Answer 40

Saudi Arabia

Question 41

Some of the newly independent countries, such as _____, ____, and _____, found themselves endowed with wealth undreamed of when the Ottoman Empire collapsed.

Answer 41

Libya, Iraq, and Kuwait

Question 42

The oil-rich countries of the realm found themselves with a coveted energy source, but lacking in _____, _____, or _________ to exploit it.

Answer 42

skills, capital, equipment

Question 43

The transport of oil from these countries to destinations in other geographic realms also raised the importance of strategic arteries that connect NASWA to the rest of the world. Most significant are _____ _____, the narrowing of international waterways that increase the risk of ship collisions and vulnerability to piracy and other forms of attack.

Answer 43

choke points

Question 44

This realm contains no less than _____ of the world's most critical choke points.

Answer 44

5

Question 45

What are some choke points of the realm?

Answer 45

The Suez Canal and Bab el Mandeb at opposite ends of the Red Sea the Strait of Hormuz at the mouth of the Persian Gulf the Turkish Straits that connect the Black and Mediterranean seas the Strait of Gibraltar at the Mediterranean's outlet to the Atlantic Ocean

Question 46

What are some fundamental changes that have been caused by oil and natural gases? (10)

Answer 46

1. Modernization of cities 2. Variable Incomes, oil and natural gas prices fluctuate on world markets 3. Infrastructure 4. Industrialization 5. Regional disparities 6. Foreign Investment 7. Foreign Involvement 8. Intra-Realm Migration 9. Migration from Other Realms 10. Diffusion of Revivalism

Question 47

More than any other realm, this one is marked by a human spatial mosaic of __________ ________.

Answer 47

Fragmented modernization

Question 48

These disparities that characterize so many of the realm's societies are best explained by the uneven impact of ___, the lack of ________, and the mercurial role of ______.

Answer 48

oil, democracy, religion

Question 49

_______- geographic force rather than __________- geographic force mainly shape the regionalization of this realm

Answer 49

cultural, economic

Question 50

The pivotal tile in the domino effect was ______.

Answer 50

Egypt

Question 51

Another facet of the ____ ______ is that is was driven by populist grievance concerning the suppression of religious freedoms.

Answer 51

Arab Spring

Question 52

To the extent that the Arab Spring exposed the vulnerability of some long-entrenched secular regimes, it may have unintentionally fueled ________ __________- or as Muslims refer to call it, religious revivalism

Answer 52

Islamic fundamentalism

Question 53

What are the two extremist Islamic organizations that are dominant today in spreading terrorism in this realm

Answer 53

al-Qaeda and ISIS

Question 54

Where did al-Qaeda originate? What year did they originate?

Answer 54

Afghanistan, late 1980's

Question 55

Currently, al-Qaeda's main branch is constituted by ____- short for al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula. It is especially active in _____, where it controls key territory and worked to destabilize the country to the point of its 2015 collapse into chaotic civil war.

Answer 55

AQAP, Yemen

Question 56

Where did ISIS originate? In what year?

Answer 56

Iraq, 2003

Question 57

ISIS declares itself to be nothing less than a ________- an imperial-scale Islamic government led by a direct successor to the Prophet Muhammad who rules and exerts moral authority over Muslims worldwide.

Answer 57

caliphate

Question 58

What are the 6 regions of this realm?

Answer 58

1. Egypt and the Lower Nile Basin 2. The Middle East 3. The Arabian Peninsula 4. The Empire States 5. The Maghreb and Its Neighbors 6. The African Transition Zone

Question 59

Egypt's Nile is the aggregate of the two great branches upstream: the _____ ____, which originates in the streams that feed Lake Victoria in East Africa, and the ____ ____, whose source lies in Lake Tana in Ethiopia's highlands

Answer 59

White, Blue

Question 60

Politically, in the longer run Egypt may be moving toward the so-called _______ _____- an espoused multiparty democracy (though marked by autocratic tendencies) that has a place for Islamic parties, yet is not dominated by them.

Answer 60

Turkish Model

Question 61

Iraq is divided into ___ cultural domains in which ______, ______, and _______ form the basis of its political geography.

Answer 61

3, religion, ethnicity, traditions

Question 62

Which country has a poverty stricken capital?

Answer 62

Jordan

Question 63

Which country has a lengthy coastline on the Mediterranean Sea, a well situated capital, and oil terminals along its coast, and agriculturally productive Bekka Valley in the eastern valley

Answer 63

Lebanon

Question 64

(Regarding Israel) Washington continues to strongly pushing in the direction of a __-_____ _______, but neither side expressed the political will to pursue that route during 2015

Answer 64

two-state solution

Question 65

Geographic obstacles to a two-state solution

Answer 65

1. The West Bank- almost entirely bounded by the Israeli-built security fence 2. The security fence- in response to the infiltration of suicide terrorists, Israel has now almost completed the walling-off of the West Bank along the Security barrier border 3. Jerusalem 4. The Gaza Strip

Question 66

As a region, the Arabian Peninsula is environmentally dominated by a ______ ______ _______ and politically dominated by the Kingdom of _______ ______

Answer 66

harsh desert habitat, Saudi Arabia

Question 67

Turkey is an officially secular but dominantly _____ state, whereas Iran is the heartland of ______

Answer 67

Sunni, Shi'ism

Question 68

On central Turkey's dry Anatolian Plateau, villages tend to be small, and subsistence farmers grow _____ and raise _______

Answer 68

cereal, livestock

Question 69

How has Turkey responded to the rise of Kurdish nationalism?

Answer 69

By suppressing Kurdish insurgent movements | Awarding more rights and freedoms to those Kurds not involved in armed resistance

Question 70

The ______ ______ is mildly Islamist government that does not alienate the religiously devout and that prioritizes democratic reform as it pursues vigorous economic growth

Answer 70

Turkish Model

Question 71

____ is overly dependent on oil and lacks a diversified economy

Answer 71

Iran

Question 72

Whereas Egypt is the gift of the Nile, the ____ ________ facilitate the settled Maghreb

Answer 72

Atlas Mountains

Question 73

Eastward, two major ranges dominate the landscapes of Algeria proper: the ____ Atlas to the north, facing the Mediterranean, and the ______ Atlas to the south, overlooking the great desert.

Answer 73

Tell, Saharan

Question 74

The ____ ______ ______ is the relative dryness in areas downwind of mountain ranges resulting from orographic precipitation, wherein moist air masses are forced to deposit most of their water content as they cross the highland

Answer 74

Rain shadow effect

Question 75

______, a relatively stable and conservative kingdom in the revolution-scarred region, is tradition-bound and economically weak.

Answer 75

Morocco

Question 76

_____, France's one-time colony whose agriculture potential drew more than one million European settlers to its arable coastal strip known as the Tell, now has an economy based primarily on its substantial oil and natural gas reserves.

Answer 76

Algeria

Question 77

The _____ is where steppe climates separate desert from tropical savanna climates

Answer 77

Sahel

Question 78

Ten Major Geographic Qualities of NASWA

Answer 78

1. This realm contains several of the world's great ancient culture hearths and some of its most durable civilizations 2. The NASWA realm is the source of several world religions, including Islam, Christianity, and Judaism 3. This realm is predominantly but not exclusively Islamic. That faith pervades cultures from Morocco in the west to Afghanistan in the east 4. NASWA is the "Arab World," but significant population groups in this realm are not of Arab ancestry 5. The population of NASWA is widely dispersed in discontinuous clusters 6. Natural environments in this realm are dominated by drought and unreliable precipitation. Population concentrations occur where the water supply is adequate to marginal 7. The realm contains a pivotal area in the "Middle East," where Arabian, North African, and Asian regions interact 8. NASWA is a real of intense discord and bitter conflict, reflected by frequent territorial disputes and boundary frictions 9. The end of Soviet rule and the revival of Islam in Turkestan have the effect of expanding this realm into inner Asia 10. Enormous reserves of petroleum lie beneath certain portions of the realm, bringing wealth to these favored places. But overall, oil revenues have raised the living standards of only a small minority of the total population