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Geography > North Africa/Southwest Asia > Flashcards

North Africa/Southwest Asia Flashcards

1
Q

This realm is commonly referred to as the _______ ____

A

Middle East

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2
Q

What are other labels for this realm?

A

Arab World and Islamic World

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3
Q

What is the world’s largest Muslim state today?

A

Indonesia

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4
Q

The World’s dominate monotheistic religions originated in the NASWA realm. What are these religion in order?

A

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

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5
Q

Today, this realm is a cauldron of religious and political turmoil- complicated by ______ interventions, tormented by internal _____, empowered and enriched by ____ in selected places, and plagued by grinding ______ in many others.

A

foreign, conflict, oil, poverty

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6
Q

______ _______ is a wide-ranging and comprehensive field that studies spatial aspects of human cultures, focusing not inly on cultural landscapes but also on culture hearths.

A

Cultural geography

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7
Q

_______ ______ is the crucibles of civilization, the sources of ideas, innovations, and ideologies that transformed regions and realms.

A

Culture hearths

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8
Q

Those ideas and innovations spread far and wide through a set of processes that we study under the rubric of _____ ______

A

cultural diffusion

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9
Q

Another aspect of cultural geography, particularly noteworthy in the context of the NASWA realm is the study of ______ _________ that a dominant culture creates.

A

cultural landscape

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10
Q

What are the major rivers of this realm?

A

Tigris, Euphrates, and Nile

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11
Q

Where are the Tigris-Euphrates located?

A

Turkey, Syria, and Iraq

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12
Q

Where is the Nile located?

A

Egypt

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13
Q

The basins of the major rivers of this realms lay two of the world’s earliest _______ ______

A

culture hearth

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14
Q

____________ possessed fertile alluvial soil, abundant sunshine, ample water, and animals and plants that could be domesticated

A

Mesopotamia (means land between the rivers)

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15
Q

Where did the fertile crescent extend to?

A

from Mesopotamia across southwestern Turkey into Syria and the eastern Mediterranean coast beyond

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16
Q

The ______ ________ _______ states that cities that could control irrigated farming over large hinterlands held power over others, used food as a weapon, and prospered.

A

Hydraulic Civilization Theory

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17
Q

What is an example of a city that was successful according to the hydraulic civilization theory?

A

Babylon

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18
Q

The ______ provided a natural fortress and was a leading avenue of trade and interaction

A

Nile

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19
Q

___________ and ________ domesticated cereals (wheat, rye, barley), vegetables (peas, beans), fruits (grapes, apples, peaches), and several animals (horses, pigs, sheep)

A

Mesopotamians, Egyptians

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20
Q

The Mesopotamians and Egyptians also advanced the study of what?

A

the calendar, mathematics, astronomy, government, engineering, metallurgy, and a host of other skills and technologies

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21
Q

In a town called _______, a man names _________ in the year ______ began receive revelations from Allah`

A

Mecca, Muhammed, 611

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22
Q

What year did Muhammed flee Mecca? Where did he flee to?

A

622, Medina

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23
Q

What are the five pillars of Islam?

A
  1. repeated expression of the basic creed
  2. daily prayer
  3. a month each year of daytime fasting
  4. the giving of alms
  5. at least one pilgrimage to Mecca in each Muslim’s lifetime
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24
Q

The spread of Islam provides a good illustration of a set of processes known as _____ _______ that focus the way ideas, inventions, and cultural practices propagate through a population in space and time.

A

spatial diffusion

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25
Q

Diffusion takes place in two forms: ________ and _____

A

expansion and relocation

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26
Q

_______ ______ is when propagation waves originate in a strong and durable source area and spread outward, affecting an ever larger region and population

A

expansion diffusion

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27
Q

_______ ______ is when migrants carry an innovation or an idea

A

Relocation diffusion

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28
Q

______ became the cornerstone of an Arab Empire with Medina as its first capital

A

Islam

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29
Q

What is the Levant?

A

the lands bordering the Mediterranean’s eastern coast, extending inland for about 200 miles

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30
Q

What two other major faiths originated in the Levant?

A

Christianity and Judaism

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31
Q

Roughly 90 percent of all Muslims are _____

A

Sunnis

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32
Q

The Ottomans conquered ___________ in ____ and then pushed into southeastern Europe

A

Constantinople, 1453

33
Q

The Ottoman Empire under the rule of _________ the ________ was the most powerful state in eastern Eurasia

A

Suleyman the Magnificent

34
Q

__?

A

more than 4 centuries, 1923`

35
Q

The European powers took over the Ottoman Empire and turned them into colonies now known as what?

A

Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Yemen

36
Q

States with strong internal division

A

Iraq and Lebanon

37
Q

Stateless nations

A

Palestinians, Kurds, Berbers

38
Q

Territories in the process of integration

A

Western Sahara, Palestine

39
Q

Three most important and largest territories of NASWA are what?

A

Egypt (North Africa), Turkey (threshold of Europe), and Iran (margins of Central Asia)

40
Q

_____ _____ is the world’s largest oil exporter

A

Saudi Arabia

41
Q

Some of the newly independent countries, such as _____, ____, and _____, found themselves endowed with wealth undreamed of when the Ottoman Empire collapsed.

A

Libya, Iraq, and Kuwait

42
Q

The oil-rich countries of the realm found themselves with a coveted energy source, but lacking in _____, _____, or _________ to exploit it.

A

skills, capital, equipment

43
Q

The transport of oil from these countries to destinations in other geographic realms also raised the importance of strategic arteries that connect NASWA to the rest of the world. Most significant are _____ _____, the narrowing of international waterways that increase the risk of ship collisions and vulnerability to piracy and other forms of attack.

A

choke points

44
Q

This realm contains no less than _____ of the world’s most critical choke points.

A

5

45
Q

What are some choke points of the realm?

A

The Suez Canal and Bab el Mandeb at opposite ends of the Red Sea
the Strait of Hormuz at the mouth of the Persian Gulf
the Turkish Straits that connect the Black and Mediterranean seas
the Strait of Gibraltar at the Mediterranean’s outlet to the Atlantic Ocean

46
Q

What are some fundamental changes that have been caused by oil and natural gases? (10)

A
  1. Modernization of cities
  2. Variable Incomes, oil and natural gas prices fluctuate on world markets
  3. Infrastructure
  4. Industrialization
  5. Regional disparities
  6. Foreign Investment
  7. Foreign Involvement
  8. Intra-Realm Migration
  9. Migration from Other Realms
  10. Diffusion of Revivalism
47
Q

More than any other realm, this one is marked by a human spatial mosaic of __________ ________.

A

Fragmented modernization

48
Q

These disparities that characterize so many of the realm’s societies are best explained by the uneven impact of ___, the lack of ________, and the mercurial role of ______.

A

oil, democracy, religion

49
Q

_______- geographic force rather than __________- geographic force mainly shape the regionalization of this realm

A

cultural, economic

50
Q

The pivotal tile in the domino effect was ______.

A

Egypt

51
Q

Another facet of the ____ ______ is that is was driven by populist grievance concerning the suppression of religious freedoms.

A

Arab Spring

52
Q

To the extent that the Arab Spring exposed the vulnerability of some long-entrenched secular regimes, it may have unintentionally fueled ________ __________- or as Muslims refer to call it, religious revivalism

A

Islamic fundamentalism

53
Q

What are the two extremist Islamic organizations that are dominant today in spreading terrorism in this realm

A

al-Qaeda and ISIS

54
Q

Where did al-Qaeda originate? What year did they originate?

A

Afghanistan, late 1980’s

55
Q

Currently, al-Qaeda’s main branch is constituted by ____- short for al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula. It is especially active in _____, where it controls key territory and worked to destabilize the country to the point of its 2015 collapse into chaotic civil war.

A

AQAP, Yemen

56
Q

Where did ISIS originate? In what year?

A

Iraq, 2003

57
Q

ISIS declares itself to be nothing less than a ________- an imperial-scale Islamic government led by a direct successor to the Prophet Muhammad who rules and exerts moral authority over Muslims worldwide.

A

caliphate

58
Q

What are the 6 regions of this realm?

A
  1. Egypt and the Lower Nile Basin
  2. The Middle East
  3. The Arabian Peninsula
  4. The Empire States
  5. The Maghreb and Its Neighbors
  6. The African Transition Zone
59
Q

Egypt’s Nile is the aggregate of the two great branches upstream: the _____ ____, which originates in the streams that feed Lake Victoria in East Africa, and the ____ ____, whose source lies in Lake Tana in Ethiopia’s highlands

A

White, Blue

60
Q

Politically, in the longer run Egypt may be moving toward the so-called _______ _____- an espoused multiparty democracy (though marked by autocratic tendencies) that has a place for Islamic parties, yet is not dominated by them.

A

Turkish Model

61
Q

Iraq is divided into ___ cultural domains in which ______, ______, and _______ form the basis of its political geography.

A

3, religion, ethnicity, traditions

62
Q

Which country has a poverty stricken capital?

A

Jordan

63
Q

Which country has a lengthy coastline on the Mediterranean Sea, a well situated capital, and oil terminals along its coast, and agriculturally productive Bekka Valley in the eastern valley

A

Lebanon

64
Q

(Regarding Israel) Washington continues to strongly pushing in the direction of a __-_____ _______, but neither side expressed the political will to pursue that route during 2015

A

two-state solution

65
Q

Geographic obstacles to a two-state solution

A
  1. The West Bank- almost entirely bounded by the Israeli-built security fence
  2. The security fence- in response to the infiltration of suicide terrorists, Israel has now almost completed the walling-off of the West Bank along the Security barrier border
  3. Jerusalem
  4. The Gaza Strip
66
Q

As a region, the Arabian Peninsula is environmentally dominated by a ______ ______ _______ and politically dominated by the Kingdom of _______ ______

A

harsh desert habitat, Saudi Arabia

67
Q

Turkey is an officially secular but dominantly _____ state, whereas Iran is the heartland of ______

A

Sunni, Shi’ism

68
Q

On central Turkey’s dry Anatolian Plateau, villages tend to be small, and subsistence farmers grow _____ and raise _______

A

cereal, livestock

69
Q

How has Turkey responded to the rise of Kurdish nationalism?

A

By suppressing Kurdish insurgent movements

Awarding more rights and freedoms to those Kurds not involved in armed resistance

70
Q

The ______ ______ is mildly Islamist government that does not alienate the religiously devout and that prioritizes democratic reform as it pursues vigorous economic growth

A

Turkish Model

71
Q

____ is overly dependent on oil and lacks a diversified economy

A

Iran

72
Q

Whereas Egypt is the gift of the Nile, the ____ ________ facilitate the settled Maghreb

A

Atlas Mountains

73
Q

Eastward, two major ranges dominate the landscapes of Algeria proper: the ____ Atlas to the north, facing the Mediterranean, and the ______ Atlas to the south, overlooking the great desert.

A

Tell, Saharan

74
Q

The ____ ______ ______ is the relative dryness in areas downwind of mountain ranges resulting from orographic precipitation, wherein moist air masses are forced to deposit most of their water content as they cross the highland

A

Rain shadow effect

75
Q

______, a relatively stable and conservative kingdom in the revolution-scarred region, is tradition-bound and economically weak.

A

Morocco

76
Q

_____, France’s one-time colony whose agriculture potential drew more than one million European settlers to its arable coastal strip known as the Tell, now has an economy based primarily on its substantial oil and natural gas reserves.

A

Algeria

77
Q

The _____ is where steppe climates separate desert from tropical savanna climates

A

Sahel

78
Q

Ten Major Geographic Qualities of NASWA

A
  1. This realm contains several of the world’s great ancient culture hearths and some of its most durable civilizations
  2. The NASWA realm is the source of several world religions, including Islam, Christianity, and Judaism
  3. This realm is predominantly but not exclusively Islamic. That faith pervades cultures from Morocco in the west to Afghanistan in the east
  4. NASWA is the “Arab World,” but significant population groups in this realm are not of Arab ancestry
  5. The population of NASWA is widely dispersed in discontinuous clusters
  6. Natural environments in this realm are dominated by drought and unreliable precipitation. Population concentrations occur where the water supply is adequate to marginal
  7. The realm contains a pivotal area in the “Middle East,” where Arabian, North African, and Asian regions interact
  8. NASWA is a real of intense discord and bitter conflict, reflected by frequent territorial disputes and boundary frictions
  9. The end of Soviet rule and the revival of Islam in Turkestan have the effect of expanding this realm into inner Asia
  10. Enormous reserves of petroleum lie beneath certain portions of the realm, bringing wealth to these favored places. But overall, oil revenues have raised the living standards of only a small minority of the total population

Geography (4 decks)

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