Norms and Basic Stats for Testing

Question 1

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We all use ___________ as a basic way of communicating. One advantage of number system is that they allow us to manipulate information. Through sets of well-defined rules, we can use numbers to learn more about the world.

Answer 1

Numbers

Question 2

_______are devices used to translate observations into numbers.

Answer 2

Tests

Question 3

First, statistics are used for __________ of ___________

Answer 3

purposes of description

• Numbers provide CONVENIENT summaries and allow us to evaluate some observations relative to others.

Question 4

Second, we can use statistics to make _____________, which are LOGICAL DEDUCTIONS about events that cannot be observed directly

Answer 4

inferences

Question 5

__________ as the application of rules for assigning numbers to objects.

Answer 5

Measurement

-The rules are the specific procedures used to transform qualities of attributes into numbers.

Question 5

___________are methods used to provide a concise description of a collection of quantitative information.

Answer 5

Descriptive statistics

Question 5

____________ are methods used to make inferences from observations of a small group of people known as_________ to a larger group of individuals known as ____________

Answer 5

Inferential statistics

small group of people= sample

larger group of individuals= population

Question 6

Magnitude. It is the property of “___________.” a scale has a property of magnitude if we can say that a particular instance of the attribute represents more, less or equal amounts of the given quantity than does another instance.

Answer 6

moreness

Question 7

The concept of __________________ is a little more complex than that of magnitude. A scale has a property of this if the difference between two points at any place on the scale has the SAME MEANING AS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN the two other points that differ by the same number of scale units.

Answer 7

Equal Intervals

Question 8

An ____________is obtained when NOTHING of the property being measured exist.

Answer 8

absolute 0

Question 9

A scale that DOES NOT HAVE THE THREE: the property of magnitude, equal interval and absolute 0 and are really not scales at all, their only purpose is to name objects.

Answer 9

Nominal scale

Question 10

A scale WITH the property of magnitude but not equal interval or an absolute 0. This scale allows you to RANK individuals or objects but not to say anything about the meaning or the difference between the ranks.

Answer 10

Ordinal scales

Question 11

When the scale has the properties of magnitude and equal interval BUT NOT absolute 0.

Answer 11

Interval Scales

Question 12

A scale that HAS ALL the THREEE properties of magnitude, equal interval and absolute 0

Answer 12

Ratio scale

Question 13

A single test score means _______ if one relates it to other test scores.

Answer 13

more

Question 14

A ______________ summarizes the scores for a group of individuals. In testing, there are many ways to record this.

Answer 14

distribution of scores

Question 15

The ________________ displays scores on a variable or a measure to reflect how frequently each value was observed.

Answer 15

frequency distribution

Question 16

With a frequency distribution, one defines all the possible scores and determines how many people obtained each of those scores. Usually scores are arranged on the __________________from the lowest to the highest value.

Answer 16

horizontal axis

Question 17

The_______________ reflects how many times each of the values on the horizontal axis was observed.

Answer 17

vertical axis

Question 18

Before a test put into general use, testers develop NORMATIVE DISTRIBUTION or _______, which show the frequency with which particular scores on the test are made

Answer 18

norms

Question 19

Norms are established by giving the test to a LARGE and well-defined group of people called _____________________

Answer 19

standardization group

Question 20

The arithmetical average of the standardization group becomes a reference point and norms indicate how far above or below this average any given score is.

(True/False?)

Answer 20

True

Question 21

The most common methods of translating “________” (that is, the scores individual actually make) into scores that are relative to the scores of others.

Answer 21

raw scores

Question 22

The _______________ divides a group of scores into one hundred equal parts.

Answer 22

percentile system

Question 23

Since each percentile then contains 1/100 of the scores, a percentile number shows the proportion of the standardization group that is ______ and ________ a person’s score.

Answer 23

above and below

Question 24

The ___________ is more complex, represent points on a BELL-SHAPED CURVED that reflects the normal pattern of distribution of scores on almost any test.

Answer 24

Standard score system

Question 25

The standard score system is more complex. Standard score represent points on a ________________ that reflects the normal pattern of distribution of scores on almost any test.

Answer 25

bell-shaped curve

Question 26

In a __________________, the majority of people obtain scores within a NARROW RANGE lying somewhere in the MIDDLE of the distribution of all test scores. The farther a score is from the middle or average, the fewer the people who obtain it.

Answer 26

normal distribution

Question 27

A statistical measure that determines a single score that defines its center of distribution is the _____________________. This aims to determine the most typical or usual score in a distribution

Answer 27

central tendency

Question 28

The ____________________or arithmetic average is defined as the sum of the values of the variables divided by the number of observations. The definition is the same for both the sample and the population, although we use different symbols to refer to each kind.

Answer 28

Arithmetic mean

Question 28

The_____________ is the most common measure of central tendency. It is simply the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores.

Answer 28

mean

Question 29

We use median if the resulting mean produces a value that is not representative of the distribution. This means that one or more values are extreme and can influence the mean or displace it.
(True/False?)

Answer 29

True

Question 30

The__________ is the midpoint of a distribution; the same number of scores is above the median as below it. Simply it is the middle score.

Answer 30

median

Question 31

We also use the median for nominal data.
(True/False?)

Answer 31

False-it should be ordinal data

Question 32

The __________is the most frequently occurring value. Count the number of times each scores occur and pick the score with the most occurrence.

Answer 32

Mode

Question 33

____________________ is the most important measure of variability.

Answer 33

Standard deviation

Question 34

The ________________- is the distance of the scores from the mean. It is a member of a mathematical system that permits its use in more advanced statistical considerations.

Answer 34

standard deviation

Question 35

Standard deviation reflects the dispersion of scores so that the variability of different distributions may be compared in terms of standard deviations
(True/false?)

Answer 35

True