Norms and Basic Stats for Testing Flashcards
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We all use ___________ as a basic way of communicating. One advantage of number system is that they allow us to manipulate information. Through sets of well-defined rules, we can use numbers to learn more about the world.
Numbers
_______are devices used to translate observations into numbers.
Tests
First, statistics are used for __________ of ___________
purposes of description
- Numbers provide CONVENIENT summaries and allow us to evaluate some observations relative to others.
Second, we can use statistics to make _____________, which are LOGICAL DEDUCTIONS about events that cannot be observed directly
inferences
__________ as the application of rules for assigning numbers to objects.
Measurement
-The rules are the specific procedures used to transform qualities of attributes into numbers.
___________are methods used to provide a concise description of a collection of quantitative information.
Descriptive statistics
____________ are methods used to make inferences from observations of a small group of people known as_________ to a larger group of individuals known as ____________
Inferential statistics
small group of people= sample
larger group of individuals= population
Magnitude. It is the property of “___________.” a scale has a property of magnitude if we can say that a particular instance of the attribute represents more, less or equal amounts of the given quantity than does another instance.
moreness
The concept of __________________ is a little more complex than that of magnitude. A scale has a property of this if the difference between two points at any place on the scale has the SAME MEANING AS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN the two other points that differ by the same number of scale units.
Equal Intervals
An ____________is obtained when NOTHING of the property being measured exist.
absolute 0
A scale that DOES NOT HAVE THE THREE: the property of magnitude, equal interval and absolute 0 and are really not scales at all, their only purpose is to name objects.
Nominal scale
A scale WITH the property of magnitude but not equal interval or an absolute 0. This scale allows you to RANK individuals or objects but not to say anything about the meaning or the difference between the ranks.
Ordinal scales
When the scale has the properties of magnitude and equal interval BUT NOT absolute 0.
Interval Scales
A scale that HAS ALL the THREEE properties of magnitude, equal interval and absolute 0
Ratio scale
A single test score means _______ if one relates it to other test scores.
more
A ______________ summarizes the scores for a group of individuals. In testing, there are many ways to record this.
distribution of scores
The ________________ displays scores on a variable or a measure to reflect how frequently each value was observed.
frequency distribution
With a frequency distribution, one defines all the possible scores and determines how many people obtained each of those scores. Usually scores are arranged on the __________________from the lowest to the highest value.
horizontal axis
The_______________ reflects how many times each of the values on the horizontal axis was observed.
vertical axis
Before a test put into general use, testers develop NORMATIVE DISTRIBUTION or _______, which show the frequency with which particular scores on the test are made
norms
Norms are established by giving the test to a LARGE and well-defined group of people called _____________________
standardization group
The arithmetical average of the standardization group becomes a reference point and norms indicate how far above or below this average any given score is.
(True/False?)
True
The most common methods of translating “________” (that is, the scores individual actually make) into scores that are relative to the scores of others.
raw scores
The _______________ divides a group of scores into one hundred equal parts.
percentile system
Since each percentile then contains 1/100 of the scores, a percentile number shows the proportion of the standardization group that is ______ and ________ a person’s score.
above and below
The ___________ is more complex, represent points on a BELL-SHAPED CURVED that reflects the normal pattern of distribution of scores on almost any test.
Standard score system
The standard score system is more complex. Standard score represent points on a ________________ that reflects the normal pattern of distribution of scores on almost any test.
bell-shaped curve
In a __________________, the majority of people obtain scores within a NARROW RANGE lying somewhere in the MIDDLE of the distribution of all test scores. The farther a score is from the middle or average, the fewer the people who obtain it.
normal distribution
A statistical measure that determines a single score that defines its center of distribution is the _____________________. This aims to determine the most typical or usual score in a distribution
central tendency
The ____________________or arithmetic average is defined as the sum of the values of the variables divided by the number of observations. The definition is the same for both the sample and the population, although we use different symbols to refer to each kind.
Arithmetic mean
The_____________ is the most common measure of central tendency. It is simply the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores.
mean
We use median if the resulting mean produces a value that is not representative of the distribution. This means that one or more values are extreme and can influence the mean or displace it.
(True/False?)
True
The__________ is the midpoint of a distribution; the same number of scores is above the median as below it. Simply it is the middle score.
median
We also use the median for nominal data.
(True/False?)
False-it should be ordinal data
The __________is the most frequently occurring value. Count the number of times each scores occur and pick the score with the most occurrence.
Mode
____________________ is the most important measure of variability.
Standard deviation
The ________________- is the distance of the scores from the mean. It is a member of a mathematical system that permits its use in more advanced statistical considerations.
standard deviation
Standard deviation reflects the dispersion of scores so that the variability of different distributions may be compared in terms of standard deviations
(True/false?)
True
