Normative Values

Question 1

Mean SaO2 of blood in normal adults:
18 years?
70 years?

Answer 1

18: 97%
70: 95%

Question 2

What level of SpO2 should O2 be administered for patients with COPD or conditions associated with chronic respiratory failure?
What is the target range?

Answer 2

Administer O2 if SpO2 is <88%
Target range: 88-92%
*if O2 low at rest, can’t justify getting up without supplemental O2

Question 3

What level of SpO2 should O2 be administered for patients with acute medical conditions?
What is the target range?

Answer 3

Administer O2 if SpO2 is <92%
Target range: 92-97%

*if O2 is low at rest, cam’t justify getting up without supplemental O2

Question 4

What are the normal values for pH ABGs?
What level indicates acidosis?
What level indicates alkalosis?

Answer 4

pH: 7.35-7.45
pH < 7.35 = acidosis
pH > 7.45 = alkalosis

*consider if abnormalities in pH are due to respiratory (CO2) or metabolic (HCO3-) problems

Question 5

MAP Equation?
How is MAP measured?
What is the normal MAP range?

Answer 5

MAP = DP + 1/3 (SP-DP)
MAP is measured through an arterial line
Normal = 80-100mmHg

Question 6

What are the normal ABG levels for:

• PaCO2
• PaO2
• HCO3-

Answer 6

• PaCO2: 35-45mmHg
• PaO2: 80-100mmHg
• HCO3- : 22-26mmol/L

Question 7

How is CVP measured?

What is the normal range for CVP?

Answer 7

CVP is measured through a central venous catheter
Normal CVP = 1-6mmHg or 2-8cm H20
*medical clearance and CXR required post CVC insertion due to risk of pneumothorax

Question 8

How are pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure measured?
What are the normal values for these?

Answer 8

Swan Ganz catheter/pulmonary artery catheter
PAP: 10-20mmHg
PCWP: 6-12mmHg

Question 9

Normal range for Hb in females and males?

What are the problems associated with high and low Hb?

Answer 9

F: 115-165g/L
M: 130-180g/L
–problematic if changes rapidly

High: polycythaemia, dehydration
Low: anaemic, recent haemorrhage

Question 10

What is the normal level for platelets?

What precautions/CIs involved in those with low platelets?

Answer 10

Norm: 150 000 - 400 000 x10^9/L
Low: thrombocytopenia

*If very low (<20,000) severe bleeding can occur with movement, will want to be careful with handling, may avoid getting them up

Question 11

What is normal ICP?
What is a high ICP?
Potentially fatal ICP?
CIs/Ps for high ICP?

Answer 11

Norm: 0-15mmHg
High: > 20-25mmHg
Fatal: > 60mmHg
CIs/Ps: should be nursed 15-30’ upright, never lay flat. Also be aware of potential affect of intervention on ICP e.g. laughing, coughing, moving limbs

Question 12

What is considered a normal BP?
Normal SBP range?
Normal DBP range?

Answer 12

BP: 120/80mmHg
SBP: 90-140mmHg
DBP: 60-80mmHg

Question 13

What is the normal heart rate range?
What level indicates tachycardia?
What level indicates bradycardia?

Answer 13

HR: 80 (range 60-100) bpm
> 100 = tachycardia
< 60 = bradycardia

Question 14

What is the normal RR range?

Answer 14

12-16 breaths per minute

<12 or >25 is considered abnormal

Question 15

Normal body temperature range

Answer 15

T = 37 degrees (range from 36.1-37.2)

> 38 = fever

Question 16

How is cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) calculated?

What is a normal CPP range?

Answer 16

CPP = MAP - ICP

CPP: 70-90mmHg

Question 17

What is a normal jugular venous pressure (JVP)?
What level is considered low?
What level is considered high?

Answer 17

JVP: 6-8cmH2O
Low (hypovolemia): < 5cm H2O
High: > 9 cm H2O (indicates impaired cardiac filling)

Question 18

What is normal range for urine output?

Answer 18

UO: 1-2 ml/kg/hr