NORMATIVE VALUES Flashcards
Normal values for Na+
136-145
Normal values for K+
3.5-5.1
Normal values for Hb
M: 13.2 - 16.6
F: 11.6 - 15
Normal values for CRP
0.3 - 1 / 0 - 5
Normal values for WCC
4.5 - 11
Normal values for platelets
150 - 450
Normal values for neutrophils
2 -7
Normal values for urea
2.5 - 7.8
Normal values for creatinine
M: 0.74 - 1.35
F: 0.59 - 1.04
What does abnormal creatinine levels indicate
kidney failure
Normal values for D Dimer
less than 0.5
What does abnormal D Dimer levels indicate
risk of blood clot
Normal values for troponin T
0 - 0.01 nanograms/militires
what does abnormal troponin T levels indicate
cardiac injury e.g. myocardial infarction
What is BNP
B type Natrieutic Peptide
Normal values for BNP
less than 100 picograms/ml
what does abnormal BNP levels indicate
heart failure
systemic way to review CXR
*A: Airways - check position and possible shifting of trachea and carina, ETT
*B: Bones - look for fractures and scoliosis
*C: Cardiac - heart size, width should be half of the width of the thorax, nice clear heart silhouette
*D: Diaphragm - right hemi diaphragm should be higher than left, check phrenic angles,
*E: Effusions = no/rounded phrenic angle
*F: Fields = compare size from right to left
*G: Gastric bubble
*H: Hardware
Normal blood pH
7.35-7.45
Normal CO2 in kPa
4.7-6
normal HCO3- value
22-26 mEq/L
normative paO2 values
10.6-14.6kPa
normal BP range
120/80
What BP indicates hypotension
hypotensive SBP <90, DBP <60
what indicates hypertension
SBP >180, DBP >100
How to detect orthostatic hypotensions
5 mins lying, 1 min standing, 3 min standing, > 20 SBP drop or > 10 DBP drop
How is central venous pressure measured
Pressure in superior vena cava measured via central line
what does CVP measure
CVP gives a crude estimate of left atrial pressure (LAP), measures venous return
normal CVP range
5-15 cm H2O
elevated CVP means
risk of heart failure, contractile dysfunction, valve abnormalities or dysrhythmias, fluid retention
reduced CVP means
Hypovolemia, venodilation,
normal PCWP (Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure)
PCWP – 4-12 mmHg
purpose of PCWP
estimate left ventricular end diastolic pressure
low FiO2
0.21-0.4
Mid FiO2
0.4-0.6
High FiO2
0.6-1.0
Purpose of PEEP
Pressure in lungs at end expiration
Compensate for increased dead space
What should the PEEP be for hyerinflated conditions
under 5cm H20
Normal inspiration: expiration ratio
1:2-3
purpose of lengthening inspiration in I:E ratio
1:1 or 2:1 improves oxygenation
purpose of lengthening expiration in I:E ratio
1:3-4 decreases gas trapping
benefit of inverse ratio ventilation
I:E 2:1, Reduce shunting, improve V/Q mismatchÂ, decrease dead space ventilation, increase mean airway pressure
what can be observed at patient
Airway
Look = - artificial (oxygen mask, tracheotomy, larygnectomy etc)
Listen = heart gurgling
Breathing
Look = how are they breathing, accessory muscle, chest shape, movement pattern. Resp rate
Listen = auscultation, ask them to cough
feel - chest exapnsion -(build up of mucous - feel vibrations)
Circulation
Look - complexion, jugular venous pressure, ankle odema (heart failure)
feel - cold hands, pulse
Disability
Look - how far can they walk, breathlessness before and after ADL
Listen - speech
Feel - measure strength, ROM
