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Alevel Ethics > Normative ethical Theories > Flashcards

Normative ethical Theories Flashcards

Deontology, character, Teleology

1
Q

What is normative ethics?

A

An examination of right and wrong

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2
Q

What is deontological Ethics?

A

we have a duty to focus on the right action

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3
Q

what is teleological ethics?

A

we should focus on our end and purpose in life so we should think about the consequences to our actions

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4
Q

what is character based ethics?

A

more focus on what kind of person you want to be not what should I do

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5
Q

what are Aquinas’ 5 primary precepts?

A

preserve life, to keep an orderly society, worship god, educate children, reproduce (POWER)

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6
Q

what should we follow for deontological ethics?

A

Natural moral law

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7
Q

what is natural moral law?

A

natural moral law is a series of law that are universal to everyone and must always be followed. It can be discovered through human reason and observing nature

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8
Q

who talks about natural moral law?

A

St Thomas Aquinas

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9
Q

what are the 4 types of law?

A

Eternal law , Divine Law, natural law, human law

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10
Q

why does natural law exist?

A

so we can reach our eternal destiny with god (telos)

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11
Q

why do we have the ability to reason?

A

god created mankind in his image so we also reflect some of his qualities like the ability to reason

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12
Q

what are the 3 main faculties of the soul?

A

the vegetative, the sensitive and the rational

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13
Q

why do we have the ability to act on reason (soul faculties)?

A

the rational faculty governs the soul as it is the highest function. This allows humans to think about there actions first

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14
Q

what does Aquinas say we have a natural inclination towards (the synderesis rule)?

A

we have a natural desire to pursue good and avoid evil

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15
Q

what is manualism?

A

catholic church created a series of books which described the secondary precepts

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16
Q

what is the two types of reason?

A

speculative reason and practical reason

17
Q

what is speculative reason?

A

deals with theoretical knowledge such as metaphysical truths

18
Q

what is practical reason?

A

deals with action and decision making. it describes how to live a good life and achieve human flourishing

19
Q

what is free will?

A

allows humans to make choices based on reason rather than impulse of coercion. we can consider different option and decide on the best course of action

20
Q

why do humans sometimes act irrationally?

A

sometimes we can give in to passions and desires leading to the reason and rationality becoming subordinate to lower factions

21
Q

according to Aquinas what is the main purpose of human life?

A

fulfillment of human nature by following the 5 precepts so that we can achieve union with god in heaven

22
Q

why is there a limit to human reason?

A

there are certain truths and divine mystery that is beyond human reason to comprehend. This is because we do not know eternal law however through revelation we can understand divine law

23
Q

what are secondary precepts

A

rules showing how humans can apply the primary precepts to specific situations
E.g. contraception is wrong as it hinders reproduction

24
Q

name 4 ways evil can be excused

A

real and apparent goods
theological virtues
interior and exterior acts
docterine of double effects

25
Q

what are real and apparent goods

A

aquinas believed human nature is essentially good as natural law is within everyone therefore no one ever knowingly persues evil. Sometimes humans do apparent goods like sex for pleasure which go against gods intentions. Real good is achived by practicing virtues

26
Q

what is an interior act

A

an act of the will where the intentions occur within a persons mind and reason.
E.g giving to charity to help people

27
Q

what is an exterior act

A

physical acts that people do for recgonition or a not honerable reason
e.g. making a big post about giving to charity

28
Q

what is a virtue

A

a part of your character and something you do out of habit. It is important to cultivate virtues

29
Q

what are the 4 cardinal virtues

A

prudence
justice
fortitude
temperance

29
Q

what are the 3 theological virtues

A

faith
love
hope

30
Q

what is the doctrine of double effect

A

if an action has an effect that goes against the primary precepts but that effect is unintended result of an action that follows the precepts then it is allowed

31
Q

what is proportionalism

A

it is a move to simplify NML and make it more applicable to everyday life. It is more compassionate and takes a persons situation into account

32
Q

what are the strengths of NML

A

based on reason
search for fulfillment
unites faith and reason
clear cut
universal rules
timeless

33
Q

what are the weaknesses of NML

A

duty bound
lacks compassion
nature changes
outdated
same laws shouldnt apply to everyone
idealistic view of human nature

34
Q

what is the four fold division of law

A

Eternal law
Divine law
natural law
human law

35
Q

how can we work out what is good (aristotle)

A

working out the 4 causes:
material cause
efficient cause
formal cause
final cause

36
Q

what is cultural relativism

A

the view that people’s moral beliefs should be judged in the context of their own culture

37
Q

what are the NML beliefs about afterlife

A

afterlife can be achived by reaching eudaimonia. This means human flourishing and that we have fulfilled our purpose in life. WE can reach eudaimonia by following the primary precepts, the syderesis rule and cultivating virtues

38
Q

what are the origins of NML

A

it is an acient theory that was mainly developed in the 18tyh century by st thomas aquinas a christian philosopher. NML has became the standered catholic approach to moral thinking

Alevel Ethics (1 decks)

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