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History - First Form > Norman Conquest and Battle of Hastings > Flashcards

Norman Conquest and Battle of Hastings Flashcards

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1
Q

Who were the three main rivals for the throne?

A

Harold Godwinson, Harald Hardrada and William of Normandy.

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2
Q

When Edward the Confessor died who was immediately crowned king?

A

When Edward the Confessor died, Harold Godwinson, Earl of Wessex, was immediately crowned king and became Harold II.

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3
Q

What was The royal council called, that supported Harold Godwinson?

A

The Witan

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4
Q

Harald Hardrada was king of Norway. He invaded Yorkshire with a fleet of ships, but was defeated and killed by Harold’s army what battle?

A

The battle of Stamford Bridge

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5
Q

Where was Harald Hardrada already king of?

A

Norway

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6
Q

On 14 October 1066, Harold II fought William’s army at the Battle of ________ and lost.

A

Hastings

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7
Q

What battle was fought on 10 Oct 1066?

A

Battle of Hastings?

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8
Q

Which King was killed at the Battle of Hastings on Oct 10 1066?

A

Harold Godwinson

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9
Q

Who was crowned king of England on Christmas Day 1066?

A

William of Normandy

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10
Q

When William was crowned king of England on Christmas Day 1066, did he then rule the whole country?

A

No.

William was crowned king of England on Christmas Day 1066, but it took years more fighting to conquer the whole country.

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11
Q

What was it called when William, in 1069, slaughtered the inhabitants of the north-east and destroyed their food stores so that even the survivors starved to death.

A

Harrying of the North

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12
Q

The Norman Conquest changed the face of England forever.
Who ruled as unquestioned conqueror?
Who became merely an unpaid workforce for their new lords?

A

William ruled as unquestioned conqueror
and
the Saxons became merely an unpaid workforce for their new lords

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13
Q

How did the Norman Conquest create a European Super Power?

A

Adding the wealth of England to the military might of Normandy made the joint-kingdom a European super-power.

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14
Q

What were William of Normandy’s main reasons for having a claim to the throne when Edward died?

A

He was the only blood relative amongst the rivals (but the throne wasn’t hereditary in those days).
He claims that he was promised the throne in 1051 by Edward, but this cannot be proven
He had the backing of the Pope

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15
Q

What were the main reasons Harold Godwinson, Earl of Essex, had claims to the throne?

A

He claims that Edward promised the throne to him on his deathbed
He has the backing of the Royal Council, called the Witan. In law only the Witan could proclaim the new king.
He was an English nobleman (William was from Normandy in modern France)

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16
Q

What were the reasons that Harold Hardrada, king of Norway had a claim to the throne when Edward died?

A

He could point to the fact that his ancestor King Cnut had ruled England (1016-1035)
He was helped by Harold Godwinson’s brother, Tostig

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17
Q

After Harold Godwinson was crowned King Harold II, who made plans to invade England?

A

William of Normandy and Harald Hardrada

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18
Q

Hardrada invaded with a fleet of 300 longships. He landed in which northern county and defeated the northern Saxon army at the Battle of ??????.

A

He landed in Yorkshire

Hardrada defeated the Saxons in the Battle of Fulford

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19
Q

After early success when he landed in Yorkshire, Hardrada had to face Harold II forces.
Harold II marched north quickly, gathering an army on his way. He took Hardrada by surprise and defeated him at the Battle of (25 September).

A

Stamford Bridge

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20
Q

Hardrada was so badly defeated at and after the Battle of Stamford Bridge that he didn’t need 300 longships that he brought with him any more.
So many vikings were killed, how many ships did they need to get home?

A

24

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21
Q

When Harold II anticipated an invasion from Normandy he sent his fleet to the English Channel so why did he send the fleet back home before an invasion happened?

A

They ran out of supplies

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22
Q

Harold II assembled his elite bodyguards, known as the ?????, and gathered an army of ordinary men, called the ????

A

Harold II assembled his bodyguards, known as the housecarls, and gathered an army of ordinary men, called the fyrd

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23
Q

William was ready to invade from early August but couldn’t invade until the end of September, why?

A

Because there were strong winds that made the English Channel unsafe.

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24
Q

What size force did William assemble for the invasion on 29th September?

A

700 ships and a large army

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25
Q

Where and when did William land his invading force?

A

Pevensey on 29 September

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26
Q

Harold II’s army were at the top of Senlac Hill when the Normans attacked. How did Harold’s Saxon force defend themselves?

A

They formed a shield wall to protect themselves. The Norman knights could not charge uphill.

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27
Q

During the Battle of Hastings, why did some Norman soldiers start to flee?

A

Some of the Norman soldiers began to flee because they thought William had been killed. William took off his helmet to show them he was still alive.

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28
Q

Harold’s force included the inexperienced Fyrd how did the Normans trick them?

A

The Normans pretended to run away, then turned and cut down the Saxons when the inexperienced fyrd chased them.

29
Q

What was the difference between William’s Norman army and Harold’s Saxon Army?

A

William had a well-equipped army. He had knights on horseback and archers with crossbows. Harold II had a traditional Saxon army – his housecarls fought on foot with axes, the fyrd were just farmers with any weapons they could get.

30
Q

How did William break up the strong Saxon shield wall?

A

William used archers to break up the Saxon shield wall.

31
Q

It is impossible to know how Harold died at the Battle of Hastings so why do we believe he was shot in the eye?

A

This theory is based on a scene in the Bayeux Tapestry. The tapestry has the words ‘Harold is killed’ next to a man with an arrow in his eye.

32
Q

When William the Conqueror became king, many Saxons rebelled. Where was the biggest rebellion and who was involved?

A

The biggest rebellion was in the north of England in 1069. It was led by Edgar the Atheling, who had a blood-claim to the throne. He was joined by Danish and Scottish armies.

33
Q

When people rebelled against him, William was cruel and ruthless.
His cruelest response to a rebellion was called Harrying the North.
What was this?

A

In the north-east of England, he ordered villages to be destroyed and people to be killed. Herds of animals and crops were burnt. Most people who survived starved to death and there were even stories of people turning to cannibalism. This is called the Harrying of the North.

34
Q

William got rid of all of the Saxon nobles and replaced it with a new system called what?

A

The Feudal System

35
Q

What did the new Norman landowners do to protect themselves against the Saxons?

A

They built castles

36
Q

The new Norman landowners built castles to defend themselves against the Saxons they had conquered. Why was this to be a problem for William?

A

This gave them great power, and enabled them to rebel against the king.

37
Q

What did William do to the Church in England, who did he put in charge and what was built?

A

William reorganised the church in England. He brought men from France to be bishops and abbots. Great cathedrals and huge monasteries were built.

38
Q

What was good for England about the Norman Conquest and the Normans?

A

The Normans were great builders and administrators
England, with Normandy, became part of a new European superpower
The Normans brought modern European ways to out-of-date England

39
Q

What was bad for England about the Norman Conquest?

A

It resulted in English-French tensions for centuries
Many were killed
The Normans treated women worse than the Saxons
It meant a non-English man was ruler

40
Q

When was the day and month when William was crowned King of England in 1066?

A

25th December - Christmas Day!

41
Q

Who was the English King who died on 5th January 1066 and whose death resulted in the instability causing the future claims and warfare to get the throne?

A

Edward the Confessor

42
Q

William of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ wrote about the Battle of Hastings in the 1060s.

A

William of Poiters

43
Q

William of Normandy was Edward the Confessor’s distant_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

A

Cousin

44
Q

What was Harold Godwinson’s language?

A

Anglo Saxon

45
Q

Harold Godwinson’s main tactic was to arrange his soldiers to form this…

A

Shield wall

46
Q

This person gave William his support and his banner for the battlefield

A

Pope

47
Q

Harold’s specially trained soldiers were known as _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

A

Housecarls

48
Q

What is the approximate number of soldiers William had in his army?

A

10000

49
Q

Harold’s army was _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ after the Battle of Stamford Bridge

A

Exhausted

50
Q

Harold lost many of his soldiers before the Battle of Hastings because they returned to their villages for the ______________

A

Harvest

51
Q

Where William landed in England

A

Pevensey

52
Q

What advantages did William have for the battle of Hastings? (2)

A

1) He had large numbers of FRESH soldiers, horsemen and archers
2) William’s forces were occupying Hastings before Harold arrived and could prepare for Battle

53
Q

What advantaged did Harold and his forces have for the Battle of Hastings?

A

Harold’s forces had won the Battle of Stamford Bridge against Harald Hardraava and so were well practiced and very confident

54
Q

What disadvantages for Hastings did Harold Godwinson and his forces have?

A

1) Harold’s men were exhausted from marching over 50 miles a day from the North after the Battle of Stamford Bridge
2) many of the archers had not come down south
3) when Harold’s force of 7000 arrived in Hastings, it was late at night and they were exhausted.

55
Q

What luck did William have in the Battle of Hastings? (6 things)

A

1) the wind changed so that William’s ships could cross the Channel whilst Harold was still up North
2) some of Harold’s best soldiers were killed in the Battle of Stamford Bridge
3) At a key moment in the Battle of Hastings, Harold was killed so his army lost confidence and fled the battlefield.
4) Harold left his Archers up north because of the long march
5) English soldiers got drunk before battle, it made them worse soldiers
6) Harold’s English soldiers will inexperienced and had poor discipline

56
Q

What good Tactics did William use at the Battle of Hastings?

A

1) the Normans pretended to run away to trick the English soldiers down from the hill that was hard to attack.
2) He had brought many archers which were very effective as they didn’t need to run up the hill to attack.
3) He had lots of farts moving cavalry which were also very effective due to their speed and power.

57
Q

What good preparation and leadership helped William win the Battle of Hastings?

A

1) William’s army was confident as they had the Pope’s blessing
2) William had lots of archers, Harold didn’t.
3) William led battle charges on the field to reassure his soldiers that he was not dead.
4) William had a strong, well equipped army of 10000 men
5) William kept his army alert overnight in case of attack
6) William had more trained men and archers

58
Q

Why did William commission the Domesday Book?

A

He needed to be able to tax the English to fund his military campaigns but did not know who owned what.

59
Q

Did the English Earls all recognise William as King after the battle of Hastings?

A

No they didn’t, and this was a problem because he needed the Earls to keep their part of the country under control

60
Q

There was a castle in Dover full of English soldiers, why was this a problem for William the Conqueror?

A

They English could cut off his route to France

61
Q

After Hastings, William wanted to take London as it was the. Apical city, why couldn’t William simply take London?

A

There were many of Harold’s soldiers now living in London and they may react to block William in favour of Harold.

62
Q

After the Battle of Stamford Bridge in the North and Battle of Hastings in the South, had the threat of a Viking invasion in the North ended? Why?

A

No it hadn’t

Rebellious Earls like Morcar and Edwin might have supported a second Viking invasion.

63
Q

William rewarded his followers by giving them land. How did this help William ? (3 ways)

A

1) it kept them loyal
2) it meant his followers controlled the lands
3) he gave it on condition that the landowners would provide soldiers and knights to fight for King William

64
Q

What was the name he gave to the Barons he asked to collect his taxes?

A

Sheriff

65
Q

What was the punishment if a Saxon harmed a Norman?

A

Death

66
Q

Why did William organise English peasants into groups of 10?

A

He made them responsible for each other.

If one did wrong and escaped then the other 9 would be punished harshly

67
Q

What was the result of William’s inspectors gathering information about what everyone in England owned, so that he could tax the? (Name of the book)

A

Domesday Book

68
Q

What did the Normans build to protect themselves from English rebellion?

A

Castles, wooden at first but bigger and better over time

William built the Tower of London to protect London from rebellion

History - First Form (8 decks)

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