Norman, Chapter 2

Question 1

Gulf of Execution

Answer 1

When we try to figure out how something operates

Question 2

Gulf of Evaluation

Answer 2

When we try to figure out /evaluate what happened
— what went right or wrong.
What could be done different?

Question 3

The role of the designer is help bridge the gap between the gulf of executions and the gulf of evacuation.

What are the major design elements that help bridge the gulf of evaluation?

Answer 3

Feedback and a good conceptual model

Question 4

The role of the designer is help bridge the gap between the gulf of executions and the gulf of evacuation.

How do we bridge gulf of execution?

Answer 4

Through the use of

signifiers, constraints, mappings, conceptual models

Question 5

Seven Stages of Action:

Answer 5

1. Goal (form the goal)

Three Execution Stages:

2. Plan (the action)
3. Specify ( an action sequence)
4. Perform (the action sequence)

Three Evaluation Stages:

5. Perceive (the state of the world)
6. Interpret (the perception)
7. Compare (the outcome with the goal)

Question 6

Subconscious

Answer 6

fast, automatic, uses multiple resources, controls skilled beaviour

Question 7

Conscious

Answer 7

slow, controlled, limited resources, invoked for novel situations, when in danger, when tings for wrong

Question 8

Three levels of processing

Answer 8

Visceral (subconscious) - lizard brain
Behavioral (subcounsious)
Reflective(conscious)

Question 9

Reflective Level -

Answer 9

conscious cognition where
reasoning & decision making take place

emotions associated with this level:
guilt, pride, blame, praise, fondness

Question 10

Three levels of reflective level (low to high)

Answer 10

Low level – calmness or anxiety
Middle level – relief or despair
High level – either satisfaction and pride or blame and anger

Question 11

Substitute word for “failure”

Answer 11

learning experience

Question 12

6 tips/advices for designers

                               of products and services

Answer 12

-do not blame people when they fail to use your product properly
-take people’s difficulties as signifiers or where the product can be imporoved
-eliminate all error messages from electronic or computer systems. Provide help & guide instead.
-make it possible to correct problems directly from help and guidance
assume tat was people ave done is partially correct, so if -it is inappropriate, provide the guidance tat allows them to correct the problem and be on their way
-think positively, for yourself and for the people you interact with

Question 13

Human advantages over machines

Answer 13

flexibility, creativity, coming up with solutions to novel problems

Question 14

Machine advantages

Answer 14

precision and accuracy

Question 15

Seven Stages of Action

Answer 15

1. What do I want to accomplish?
2. What are the alternative action sequences?
3. What action can I do now?
4. How do I do it?
5. What happened?
6. What do it mean?
7. Is this ok? Have I accomplished my goal?

Question 16

Seven Fundamental Design Principles

Answer 16

Discoverability
Feedback
Conceptual model
Affordances
Signifiers
Mappings
Constraints

Question 17

Discoverability

Answer 17

It is possible to determine what actions are possible and the current state of the device

Question 18

Feedforward

Answer 18

the information that helps answer question (doing)

accomplished through signifiers, constraints, and mappings

Question 19

Feedback

Answer 19

the information that helps in understanding what happened

Question 20

Flow state

Answer 20

Internal emotional state of mind experienced by being immersed into activity that causes one to loose track of time and awareness of outside.

Question 21

Behavioral level of processing

Answer 21

home of learned skills, triggered by situations that match the appropriate levels

emotions associated with this level are hope and fear,