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TMC > Normals > Flashcards

Normals Flashcards

1
Q

Potassium (K+) Sodium (Na+) Chloride (Cl-) Think ABG

A
  • Potassium (K+) 3.5-4.5 mEq/L
  • Sodium (Na+) 135-145mEq/L
  • Chloride (Cl-) 90-100 mEq/L
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2
Q

Urine Output

A

minimum 40 mL/hr

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3
Q

Fluid balance- think CVP

A

Normal CVP 2-6mmHg
decreased CVP = hypovolemia
increased CVP = hypervolemia

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4
Q

Orthopnea

A

difficulty breathing except in the upright position - think CHF

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5
Q

General malaise

A

run down feeling, nausea, weakness, fatigue, headache - think electrolyte imbalance

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6
Q

Edema

A
  • Peripheral edema- excess fluid in the arms and legs
    • caused by CHF and renal failure recommend diuretic therapy
  • Ascites - accumulation of fluid in the abdomen caused by liver failure
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7
Q

Venous distension

A
  • Occurs with CHF
  • Seen during exhalation in patients with obstructive lung disease and air trapping
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8
Q

Diaphoresis

A
  • Profuse/heavy sweating
  • Heart failure (Recommend diuretics, positive inotropic agents
  • Fever, infection (Recommend antibiotics)
  • Anxiety (sedatives)
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9
Q

Jaundice

A
  • increased bilirubin level in blood and tissue, mostly in face and trunk
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10
Q

Erythema

A
  • redness of the skin
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11
Q

Unequal/asymmetrical chest movement

A
  • Post lung resection
  • Atelectasis
  • pneumothorax
  • flail chest - paradoxical chest movement
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12
Q

Tachypnea

A
  • respiratory rate greater than 20
  • causes: hypoxia, fever, pain, CNS problem
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13
Q

Bradypnea

A
  • respiratory rate less than 12
  • Cause: drugs, alcohol, metabolic disorder
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14
Q

Hyperopnea

A
  • Increased respiratory rate, increased depth, regular rhythm
  • Cause: Metabolic disorder, CNS disorder
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15
Q

Cheyne-Stokes

A
  • gradually increasing and decreasing rate and depth with periods of apnea
  • causes: increased intracranial pressure, brainstem injury, drug overdose
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16
Q

Kussmaul’s

A
  • increased respiratory rate(greater than 20), increased depth, irregular rhythm, breathing sounds labored
  • hypoxemia, metabolic acidosis, renal failure, diabetic ketoacidosis
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17
Q

Apneustic

A
  • prolonged gasping inspiration followed by extremely short insufficient exhalation
  • causes: problem with respiratory center, trauma, tumor
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18
Q

Tracheal deviation

Pulled toward pathology- pulled is pad

A
  • Pulled to abnormal side (Toward pathology)
    • Atelectasis
    • pneumonectomy
    • diaphragmatic paralysis
  • Pushed to normal side (Away from pathology)
    • pleural effusion
    • tension pneumothorax
    • neck or thyroid tumors
    • mediastinal mass
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19
Q

Scoliosis

A

Lateral curve of the spine (Side to side)

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20
Q

Kyphosis

A

Convex curve of the spine (hump back of notre dame)

21
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in muscle size

22
Q

Atrophy

A

Loss of muscle

23
Q

What is considered an adverse reaction?

A

change of more than 20 BPM

stop treatment consult with RN or Dr

24
Q

Tachycardia

What is it?

Causes

Treatments

A

HR >100 BPM

Hypoxemia, Anxiety, stress

Recommend O2

25
Q

Bradycardia

What is it?

Causes

Treatments

A

HR <60

Heart failure, shock. code

Atropine

26
Q

Paradoxical pulse/ Pulsus paradoxus

What is it?

Causes

A

Pulse/BP varies with respiration

may indicate air trapping (Status asthmatics, tension pneumothorax)

27
Q

Resonant

A

Normal air-filled lung

28
Q

Flat

Dull

A
    • Interchangeable
  • Less air than there should be
  • atelectasis, Pleural effusion, pneumonia
29
Q

Tympanic

Hyperresonant

A

Interchangeable

Extra air

Indicated extra volume when over the lungs

Pneumothorax or emphysema

30
Q

Crackles

A
  • Coarse crackles - large airway secretions
  • Medium crackles- middle airway secretions
  • Fine crackles- alveoli opening, fluid in alveoli
    • CHF/Pulmonary edema
    • Recommend
      • O2
      • PPV
      • Positive inotropic agents (stregtens heart)
      • Diurtetics
31
Q

Heart sounds

A

Normal is S1 and S2

If anything else order an EKG

32
Q

Apical Lordotic Xray

A

Projection of lung apices

TB

33
Q

Lateral decubitus position

A

Patient lying on affected side

Small pleural effusion

34
Q

PCWP

A
  • wedge think left
  • 2-6 (4)
    *
35
Q

PAP

A
  • P think pulmonary
  • 25/8 mean 14
36
Q

MAP

A
  • monitors perfussion
  • 120/80
37
Q

CVP

A
  • Monitors fluids (or right heart)
  • 2-6
38
Q

Creatine

A
  • Excreted by kidneys
  • 0.7-1.3
  • Increased means kidney failure
39
Q

Blood urea nitrogen

A
  • kidney function
  • 8-25
  • less specific than Creatine
40
Q

Biots

A
  • Increased RR, increased depth, irregular rhythm
  • CNS problem
41
Q

Radiolucent

A
  • Dark pattern, air
  • normal for lungs
42
Q

Radioopacity

A
  • White pattern, solid, fluid
  • normal for bones
43
Q

Consolidation

A
  • Solid white area
  • Pneumonia/Pleural effusion
44
Q

Hyperlucency

A
  • COPD, Asthma attach, pneumothorax
45
Q

Vascular markings

A
  • lymphatics, vessels, lung tissue
  • Increased with CHF
  • absent with pneumothorax
46
Q

Pulmonary Edema

A
  • Fluffy, butterfly, batwing
  • Diuretics, Digitalis, digoxin
47
Q

Atelectasis

A
  • Patchy, platelike, crowded
    *
48
Q

ARDS or IRDS

A
  • Ground glass, Honeycomb, diffuse bilateral radiopacity

TMC (1 decks)

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