Normals Flashcards
1
Q
Potassium (K+) Sodium (Na+) Chloride (Cl-) Think ABG
A
- Potassium (K+) 3.5-4.5 mEq/L
- Sodium (Na+) 135-145mEq/L
- Chloride (Cl-) 90-100 mEq/L
2
Q
Urine Output
A
minimum 40 mL/hr
3
Q
Fluid balance- think CVP
A
Normal CVP 2-6mmHg
decreased CVP = hypovolemia
increased CVP = hypervolemia
4
Q
Orthopnea
A
difficulty breathing except in the upright position - think CHF
5
Q
General malaise
A
run down feeling, nausea, weakness, fatigue, headache - think electrolyte imbalance
6
Q
Edema
A
- Peripheral edema- excess fluid in the arms and legs
- caused by CHF and renal failure recommend diuretic therapy
- Ascites - accumulation of fluid in the abdomen caused by liver failure
7
Q
Venous distension
A
- Occurs with CHF
- Seen during exhalation in patients with obstructive lung disease and air trapping
8
Q
Diaphoresis
A
- Profuse/heavy sweating
- Heart failure (Recommend diuretics, positive inotropic agents
- Fever, infection (Recommend antibiotics)
- Anxiety (sedatives)
9
Q
Jaundice
A
- increased bilirubin level in blood and tissue, mostly in face and trunk
10
Q
Erythema
A
- redness of the skin
11
Q
Unequal/asymmetrical chest movement
A
- Post lung resection
- Atelectasis
- pneumothorax
- flail chest - paradoxical chest movement
12
Q
Tachypnea
A
- respiratory rate greater than 20
- causes: hypoxia, fever, pain, CNS problem
13
Q
Bradypnea
A
- respiratory rate less than 12
- Cause: drugs, alcohol, metabolic disorder
14
Q
Hyperopnea
A
- Increased respiratory rate, increased depth, regular rhythm
- Cause: Metabolic disorder, CNS disorder
15
Q
Cheyne-Stokes
A
- gradually increasing and decreasing rate and depth with periods of apnea
- causes: increased intracranial pressure, brainstem injury, drug overdose
16
Q
Kussmaul’s
A
- increased respiratory rate(greater than 20), increased depth, irregular rhythm, breathing sounds labored
- hypoxemia, metabolic acidosis, renal failure, diabetic ketoacidosis
17
Q
Apneustic
A
- prolonged gasping inspiration followed by extremely short insufficient exhalation
- causes: problem with respiratory center, trauma, tumor
18
Q
Tracheal deviation
Pulled toward pathology- pulled is pad
A
- Pulled to abnormal side (Toward pathology)
- Atelectasis
- pneumonectomy
- diaphragmatic paralysis
- Pushed to normal side (Away from pathology)
- pleural effusion
- tension pneumothorax
- neck or thyroid tumors
- mediastinal mass
19
Q
Scoliosis
A
Lateral curve of the spine (Side to side)
20
Q
Kyphosis
A
Convex curve of the spine (hump back of notre dame)
21
Q
Hypertrophy
A
Increase in muscle size
22
Q
Atrophy
A
Loss of muscle
23
Q
What is considered an adverse reaction?
A
change of more than 20 BPM
stop treatment consult with RN or Dr
24
Q
Tachycardia
What is it?
Causes
Treatments
A
HR >100 BPM
Hypoxemia, Anxiety, stress
Recommend O2
25
Bradycardia
What is it?
Causes
Treatments
HR \<60
Heart failure, shock. code
Atropine
26
Paradoxical pulse/ Pulsus paradoxus
What is it?
Causes
Pulse/BP varies with respiration
may indicate air trapping (Status asthmatics, tension pneumothorax)
27
Resonant
Normal air-filled lung
28
Flat
Dull
* * Interchangeable
* Less air than there should be
* atelectasis, Pleural effusion, pneumonia
29
Tympanic
Hyperresonant
Interchangeable
Extra air
Indicated extra volume when over the lungs
Pneumothorax or emphysema
30
Crackles
* Coarse crackles - large airway secretions
* Medium crackles- middle airway secretions
* Fine crackles- alveoli opening, fluid in alveoli
* CHF/Pulmonary edema
* Recommend
* O2
* PPV
* Positive inotropic agents (stregtens heart)
* Diurtetics
31
Heart sounds
Normal is S1 and S2
If anything else order an EKG
32
Apical Lordotic Xray
Projection of lung apices
TB
33
Lateral decubitus position
Patient lying on affected side
Small pleural effusion
34
PCWP
* wedge think left
* 2-6 (4)
*
35
PAP
* P think pulmonary
* 25/8 mean 14
36
MAP
* monitors perfussion
* 120/80
37
CVP
* Monitors fluids (or right heart)
* 2-6
38
Creatine
* Excreted by kidneys
* 0.7-1.3
* Increased means kidney failure
39
Blood urea nitrogen
* kidney function
* 8-25
* less specific than Creatine
40
Biots
* Increased RR, increased depth, irregular rhythm
* CNS problem
41
Radiolucent
* Dark pattern, air
* normal for lungs
42
Radioopacity
* White pattern, solid, fluid
* normal for bones
43
Consolidation
* Solid white area
* Pneumonia/Pleural effusion
44
Hyperlucency
* COPD, Asthma attach, pneumothorax
45
Vascular markings
* lymphatics, vessels, lung tissue
* Increased with CHF
* absent with pneumothorax
46
Pulmonary Edema
* Fluffy, butterfly, batwing
* Diuretics, Digitalis, digoxin
47
Atelectasis
* Patchy, platelike, crowded
*
48
ARDS or IRDS
* Ground glass, Honeycomb, diffuse bilateral radiopacity
