Normal Voice (Anatomy & Physiology) Flashcards by Sheri Robertson

5 key aspects of the normal voice

The voice should have/be:

Adequate Carrying Power (loudness)
Safe and Hygienic Production (hygiene)
Pleasant Quality (pleasantness)
Adequate Flexibility to Express Emotion (flexibility)
Representative of Age and Gender (representation)

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Three processes of voice

Respiration
Phonation
Resonance

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Structures of the bony thorax

Vertebrae 
Vertebral Column 
Thoracic Cage 
Pectoral Girdle
Pelvic Girdle

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5 Vertebral Regions (+ number of vertebrae)

Cervical - 7
Thoracic  - 12
Lumbar - 5
Saccral - 5
Coccygeal - 5

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Muscle of respiration that separates the thorax from the abdominal cavity

Diaphragm

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Three major categories for muscles of respiration

Muscles of the rib cage
Muscles of the diaphragm
Muscles of the abdominal wall

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Name the primary inspiratory muscles of the thorax.

The diaphragm
External Intercostals muscles

(accessory muscles of the trunk and lower neck also assist; interchondral part of the internal intercostals also assist with elevating ribs)

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Name the primary expiratory muscles (general)

Internal Intercostal Muscles

Abdominal Muscles

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What are the passive forces of respiration (passive exhalation)?

Natural Recoil (of muscles, ligaments, cartilage)
Surface Tension (in alveoli)
Gravity

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What are the active forces of respiration (active exhalation)?

Strength of muscles in the chest wall
Patterns of muscle movement
Amount of air contained in the lungs

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List the 4 Respiratory volumes

Tidal Volume
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Residual Volume

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The amount of air inspired and expired during a single respiratory cycle

Tidal Volume

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The maximum volume of air that can be inspired beyond the end of a tidal inspiration

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

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The maximum volume of air that can be expired beyond the end of a tidal expiration

Expiratory Reserve Volume

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The volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximum expiration

Residual Volume

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List the 4 Respiratory Capacities

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
Vital Capacity (VC)
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

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The maximum volume of air that can be inspired

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

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The volume of air remaining in the lungs and airways at the end of a resting tidal exhalation

Functional Residual Capacity

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The maximum volume of air that can be expired following a maximum inspiration

Vital Capacity

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The total volume of air contained in the lungs and airways after a maximum inspiration

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

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The elderly often experience decreased ____________ ____________ efficiency.

lung volume

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Muscle activity for exhalation is ____________ during quiet breathing and ___________ during speech breathing.

passive; active

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The larynx is situated vertically at the level of what vertebrae?

C4-C6 in adults;

C1-C3 in children

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Approximate circumference of the adult larynx

5 inches

3 points of attachment of larynx

Superiorly: Hyoid Bone Inferiorly: Cricoid Cartilage Anteriorly: Epiglottis

Muscles that have one attachment to the larynx and another to a structure external to the larynx to stabilize the larynx and change its position within the neck

Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles | Include sternothyroid, thyrohyoid and inferior constrictors

Muscles that attach to the hyoid bone for raising or lowering the larynx and moving it forward and backward

Supplementary Laryngeal Muscles | Include digastric, sylohyoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, hyoglossus, genioglossus

Extrinsic and supplementary laryngeal muscles come into play slightly during control of ___________.

pitch (Lower larynx=lower pitch) (Raised larynx=raised pitch)

Name the 5 major laryngeal cartilages

1. Cricoid 2. Thyroid 3, 4. Paired Arytenoids 5. Epiglottis

Name the 5 Intrinsic laryngeal muscles

1. Posterior Cricoarytenoid (PCA) 2. Lateral Cricoarytenoid (LCA) 3. Interarytenoid (IA) 4. Thyroarytenoid (TA) 5. Cricothyroid (CT)

Muscles that connect the laryngeal cartilages to each other, whose contraction or relaxation results in either the adduction, abduction, tensing or relaxing of the vocal folds

Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles are innervated by which cranial nerve?

CN X (X Vagus nerve)

The lone abductor intrinsic laryngeal muscle

Posterior Cricoarytenoid (PCA) - paired

Muscle that attaches to the arch of the cricoid and inserts into the lateral surface of the muscular process of the arytenoid

Lateral Cricoarytenoid (LCA) - paired

The only unpaired intrinsic laryngeal muscle. Contraction results in vocal fold adduction

Interarytenoid (IA)

This paired muscle forms the bulk of the muscular portion of the vocal folds.

Thyroarytenoid (TA)

Intrinsic laryngeal muscle made up of different sections that when contracted, cause the thyroid cartilage to tilt downward or draw forward

Cricothyroid (CT)

What happens when the thyroid cartilage is tilted downward or drawn forward?

The distance between the anterior thyroid cartilage and and arytenoid cartilages is increased, causing the vocal folds to lengthen and decrease in mass

What happens when the vocal folds lengthen and mass is decreased?

There is a faster vibration, resulting in a change in pitch (higher pitch.)

Also called the False Vocal Folds

Ventricular Folds or Ventricular Ligament

These contain numerous mucous glands that help to moisten and lubricate the true vocal folds beneath them

Ventricular Folds

T/F: The ventricular folds adduct during phonation.

False. They do not adduct during normal phonation.

Membranous folds attached to the thyroid cartilage and to the arytenoid cartilage

Ventricular Folds

Membranous folds enclosing a narrow band of elastic tissue, connecting the thyroid cartilage to the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage

True Vocal Folds

Five layers of the vocal fold cover and body

1. Mucosa Epithelium 2. Superficial Layer 3. Intermediate Layer 4. Deep Layer 5. Vocalis Muscle

5 major elements of Myloelastic-Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation

1. Vocal Fold Adduction via muscle contraction 2. Increase in Subglottal Air Pressure 3. Increased Pressure causes gradual VF separation 4. Velocity of air increases through abducted folds, causing them to move back to midline 5. VF approximate inferior to superior, eventually adducting

Minimum subglottic air pressure needed to set VFs into vibration

3-5 cm H20 at a minimum

3 Recognizable Voice registers

Falsetto Modal Glottal Fry (or pulse)

The register we use for most conversational speech

Modal

Voice register achieved through high medial compression of the vocal folds and high adductive force

Falsetto

Voice register achieved through minimal longitudinal tension and moderate medial compression, and mild adductive force

Glottal Fry

3 types of attack (vocal onsets)

Breathy (also known as aspirate) Glottal Simultaneous (also known as easy, gentle)

Biomechanical determinates of rate of vocal fold vibration

1. Length of vocal folds 2. Tension of vocal folds 3. Mass of vocal folds per unit of length

Shorter, less tense, thicker VFs- what type of phonation?

Slower Vibration; Lower Frequency/Pitch

Longer, tenser, thinner VFs- what type of phonation?

Faster Vibration; Higher Frequency/Pitch

Which intrinsic laryngeal muscles are primarily responsible for changing frequency of VF vibration?

Cricothyroid muscle | Thyrovocalis muscle

Which intrinsic laryngeal muscles are primarily responsible for changes in vocal loudness?

Lateral Cricoarytenoid * | *check this answer

The perceptual attribute related to the sound of a voice beyond its pitch and loudness

Voice Quality