Normal Values

Question 1

pH

Answer 1

7.4

Question 2

CO2

Answer 2

40 mmHg

Question 3

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Answer 3

24 mEq/L

Question 4

Na+

Answer 4

140 mEq/L

Question 5

K+

Answer 5

4.0-5.0 mEq/L

Question 6

Cl-

Answer 6

104 mEq/L

Question 7

BUN

Answer 7

10 mg/dl

Question 8

Creatinine

Answer 8

1.0 mg/dl

Question 9

Ca2+

Answer 9

9.0-10.0 mg/dl

Question 10

Phosphorus

Answer 10

4-5 mg/dl

Question 11

Albumin

Answer 11

4.0-4.5 g/dl

Question 12

Osmolality of plasma

Answer 12

290-300 mOsm/L

Question 13

What is the max urinary osmolarity physiologically possible?

Answer 13

1200 mOsm/L

Question 14

During maximal Na+ conservation (like in the presence of ADH) what will the urine sodium concentration be?

Answer 14

Less than 20 under normal conditions.

Max conservation <10.

Question 15

Normal urine Chloride concentration.

Answer 15

< 20 mEq/L

Question 16

Max Chloride conservation. What’s the urine concentration?

Answer 16

< 10 mEq/L

Question 17

When a patient is hypokalemic, they should be trying to preserve as much potassium as possible. What is the lowest their urine K+ concentration can be in this circumstance?

Answer 17

20 mEq/day

Concentration depends on the urine volume released in that 24 hour period.

Question 18

Maximum urine DILUTION. What is the osmolarity?

Answer 18

50-100 mOsm/L

Question 19

When the kidney is maximally excreting the following electrolytes, what is their concentration range in the urine?

1. Na+
2. Cl-
3. K+

Answer 19

ALL OVER 20

Question 20

Is this patient volume depleted or overloaded?

Urine Na+ is low, and osmolality is increased.

Describe the ADH levels in this patient.

Answer 20

Volume depleted. The patient is conserving water and producing concentrated urine. ADH levels are high.

Question 21

Vomiting leads to loss of what electrolytes?

Answer 21

H+ and Cl-

So you’ll have Metabolic Alkalosis and be Hypochloremic.

Urine chloride levels should be very LOW because you’re retaining it

Question 22

What happens to plasma and urine Chloride levels in the presence of a loop or thiazide diuretic?

Answer 22

Both cause hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis with decreased plasma chloride, because it is lost in the urine with Na+.

The tubules can’t reabsorb Chloride, so your Cl- level in the urine will be high, and the plasma level will be low.

Question 23

Normal Spot Urine protein/creatinine ratio is what?

Answer 23

0.15

This corresponds to less than 150 mgs of protein in the urine in a 24 hour collection.

Question 24

To have nephrotic levels of proteinuria, what does your spot urine protein/creatinine ratio have to be?

Answer 24

> 3.5

Question 25

Is a dipstick test fully quantitative?

Answer 25

Nope. A 24 hour urine test is.