Normal Values

Question 1

Hemoglobin

Answer 1

Men 130-180 g/L
Women 115-165 g/L

Question 2

White blood cells (WBC/ WCC)

Answer 2

Total 3.6-11.0 x 10⁹/L
Neutrophils 2.0-7.5 x 10⁹/L
Lymphocytes 1.0-4.0 x 10⁹/L
Eosinophils 0.1-0.4 x 10⁹/L
Monocytes 0.2-0.8 x 10⁹/L
Basophils 0.02-0.10 x 10⁹/L

Question 3

Platelets

Answer 3

140-400 x 10⁹/L

Question 4

Red Blood Cells (RBC)

Answer 4

Men 4.5-6.5 x 10⁹/L
Women 3.8-5.8 x 10⁹/L`

Question 5

Hematocrit

Answer 5

Male 0.40-0.54/L
Female 0.37-0.47/L

Question 6

Mean cell volume (MCV)

Answer 6

80-100 fL

Question 7

Reticulocyte count

Answer 7

50-100 x 10⁹/L
or
0.5-2.5%

Question 8

Coagulation panel

Answer 8

Prothrombin time (PT) 11-16 seconds
INR 0.8-1.2 (< 1.5 normal)
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) 35-45 seconds
APTTr (ratio) 0.8-1.2
Fibrinogen 1.50-4.5 g/L
D-dimer < 500 ng/mL

Question 9

Urea and Electrolytes (U&E)

Answer 9

Na+ 135-145 mmol/L
K+ 3.5-5.3 mmol/L
Urea 2.5-6.7 mmol/L
Creatinine 70-100 umol/L
eGFR > 60 mL/min/1.73m² (usually > 90)

Ca2+ 2.2-2.6 mmol/L
Mg2+ 0.7-1.0 mmol/L
Cl- 98-106 mmol/L
PO43- 0.72-1.4 mmol/L

Question 10

Liver Function Tests (LFTs)

Answer 10

Bilirubin 3-17 umol/L
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 5-35 IU/L
Aspartate transaminase (AST) 5-35 IU/L
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 30-130 IU/L
Albumin 35-50 g/L

Question 11

Metabolic panel

Answer 11

Cholesterol < 5 mmol/L
Triglycerides 0.5-2.3 mmol/L
LDL < 3 mmol/L
HDL > 1 mmol/L
Amylase 0-180 IU/dL
C-reactive protein (CRP) < 10mg/L
Glucose (fasting) 3.5-5.5 mmol/L
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 0.5-4.2 mU/L

Question 12

Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)

Answer 12

pH: 7.35 – 7.45
pO2: 11 – 13 kPa (82.5 – 97.5 mmHg)
pCO2: 4.7 – 6.0 kPa (35.2 – 45 mmHg)
HCO3: 22 – 26 mmol/L
Base excess:-2 to +2 mmol/L

Ketone < 0.6 mmol/L
Lactate < 1.0 mmol/L

Question 13

ABCDE Red Flags

Answer 13

• Complete or partial airway obstruction
• RR < 5 or > 36
• SpO2 < 94% or < 88% (COPD)
• Pulse < 40 or > 140
• BP < 90 mmHg
• CRT > 2 sec
• Glucose < 4 mmol/L

Critical → OMV (oxygen, monitor, IV) and call for help

Question 14

Urine

Answer 14

Urine output 800-2000 mL/day
Urine SG 1005-1030
Urine pH 5-8

Question 15

Normal Vitals

Answer 15

Question 16

X-Ray Interpretation Steps

Answer 16

Image quality- RIPE
Interpretation- ABCDE
* Airway- trachea, carina, bronchi, hilar structures
* Breathing- lungs, pleura
* Cardiac- heart size, borders
* Diaphragm- costophrenic angles
* Everything else- mediastinal contours, bones, soft tissues, tubes, valves, pacemakers, review areas

Question 17

SIRS Criteria (2 or more)

Answer 17

Temp. < 36 or > 38
RR > 20/min
HR > 100 bpm
WCC < 4 or > 12
Acutely altered mental status
Hyperglycemia (in absence of DM)

Question 18

Red Flag symptoms of severe sepsis (even 1 present-> severe)

Answer 18

SBP < 90 mmHg
RR > 24
SpO2 > 92% on >40% FiO2
HR > 130 bpm
UO no urine > 18h or < 0.5mL/kg/lh
Skin mottled/ ashen/ cyanosis

Basically, signs of organ failure

Question 19

Cardiac enzymes

Answer 19

hsTnI (high sensitivity troponin I) > 5 ng/L