Normal Swallowing Flashcards
What are the traditional stages?
- Oral Preparatory
- Oral Phase
- Pharyngeal Phase
- Esophageal Phase
What happens in the oral preparatory phase of normal swallowing?
Accepting food/drink and/or forming a bolus.
What happens in the oral phase of normal swallowing?
anterior to posterior propulsion of the bolus
What happens in the pharyngeal phase of normal swallowing?
The swallow is triggered.
What happens in the esophageal phase of normal swallowing?
The bolus travels through the esophagus into the stomach.
True or False: there is a large variability between and among individuals in the physiology of mastication?
True.
The more contemporary view sees normal swallowing as a series of ________?
physiological processes
What is lip closure?
The ability of the lips to approximate with enough force to contain a bolus.
What does lip closure contribute to?
The generation of intraoral pressure. This is necessary for efficient transportation of the bolus through the oral cavity and beyond.
What cranial nerves are involved with lip closure?
Motor: CN VII: Facial
Sensory: CN V: Trigeminal
What are the muscles involved with lip closure?
- Oribicularis oris
- Levator labii supperior
- Levator labii superior alaeque nasi
- levator anguli oris
- zygomatics minor
- zygomatics major
- risorius
- depressor anguli oris
- depressor labii inferiori
- mentalis
What is a muscular hydrostat?
A biological structure found in animals and is used to manipulate items or to move its host and consists mainly of muscles with no skeletal support. It performs its hydraulic movement with fluid in a separate compartment.
What muscle is known as a muscular hydrostat?
the tongue.
What is tongue control?
The ability of the tongue to contain the bolus.
- elevation and approximation of anterior, lateral, and posterior margins of the tongue to the hard and soft palate, as well as the teeth or gums.
- sensation to tongue is vital.
What are the 4 intrinsic tongue muscles?
- Superior longitudinal
- Inferior longitudinal
- Transverse
- Vertical
Where are the intrinsic tongue muscles innervated?
Motor: CN XII (Facial) Sensory: anterior 2/3; taste - CN XII General - V (trigeminal) Posterior 1/3: CN IX Base: CN X
What is the function of the intrinsic tongue muscles?
Shapes the tongue to hold and control the bolus.
What is the soft palate muscle?
Tensor veli paltini
What cranial nerve innervates the soft palate?
CN V (trigeminal)
What are the two extrinsic tongue muscles?
Palatoglossus and genioglossus
What nerves innervate the palatoglossus?
Motor: X (Vagus)
Sensory: IX (glossopharyngeal)
What nerves innervate the genioglossus?
Motor and Sensory: XII (Facial)
What are the two suprahyoid muscles?
Geniohyoid and mylohyoid
What nerve innervates the geniohyoid?
CI (cervical nerve 1)
What nerve innervates the mylohyoid?
CN V (Trigeminal)
What is the function of the soft palate muscle?
stiffens the soft palate for posterior containment.
What is the function of the palatoglossus?
Raises the back of the tongue and brings down the palate
What is the function of the genioglossus?
Shapes the tongue to hold the bolus.
What is the function of the suprahyoid muscles?
stabilizes the floor of the mouth.
Bolus preparation and mastication process:
- The bolus is mixed with saliva and pushed to the teeth.
2. Rotatory jaw movement break down the bolus into pieces
True or false: coordinated tongue movement is not required for mastication
False. Coordinated tongue movement is needed for bolus preparation and mastication.
Bolus preparation and mastication are the beginning of the ______ process.
digestive
Mastication is modulated by a ________ ______ ____ located in the brainstem.
central pattern generator
Mastication process
The tongue transports the food from the front of the mouth to the post-canine teeth and then the bolus is processed by mastication cycles until the food is softened appropriately.
Saliva is being produced throughout.
Larger particles are further broken down into smaller particles by the _______ ______.
premolar teeth.
Do people have a preference for slow or fast chewing?
slow chewing
True or false: There is a large standard deviation in the number of chewing cycles people have.
True
The urge to swallow seems to be triggered by the ____ and _____
size of the food particles and lubrication
Variables that explain differences in the pattern of mastication are
- subject themselves
- age
- type of food being eaten
- time during a sequence of movements
A bolus may accumulate in the ______ for several seconds before the swallow
vallecula
True or false? People with dentures have a sensory advantage in mastication
False. There are neural connections between periodontal sensory nuclei and the muscles of mastication, providing a sensory advantage to dentate individuals.
Denture wears display longer ____ times and swallow ______ particle sizes
chewing, larger
What does saliva do?
Adequate saliva is essential for efficient mastication as the water in saliva moistens the food particles, whereas the salivary mucins bind masticated food into a coherent and slippery bolus that can be easily swallowed
What is xerostomia?
Dry mouth/oral cavity
When does the pharyngeal swallow start?
When the hyoid bone moves.
