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Radiology > Normal Spine Radiology 6/18 > Flashcards

Normal Spine Radiology 6/18 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Cervical spine

A
  • 7 vertebral body segments
  • usually lordosis
  • neck
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2
Q

Describe Thoracic spine

A
  • 12 vertebral body segments that articulate with ribs

- kyphosis

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3
Q

Describe Lumbar spine

A
  • 5 vertebral body segments (usually can have transitional vertebral body)
  • lordosis
  • low back
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4
Q

Describe Sacrum

A
  • 5 vertebral body segments that fuse anteriorly and posteriorly
  • no or small intervertebral disks
  • have anterior and posterior neural foramina
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5
Q

Describe Coccyx

A

variable (3-5) segments fused

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6
Q

Vertebral body

A

Including superior and inferior endplates

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7
Q

Which direction do pedicles extend?

A

Posteriorly

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8
Q

Laminae

A

joine two pedicles posteriorly

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9
Q

vertebral arch

A

formed by pedicles and laminae

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10
Q

transverse process

A

extend laterally; most in C-spine have foramina for vertebral arteries

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11
Q

spinous process

A

midline, extends posteriorly, can be bifid

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12
Q

superior and inferior articular processes

A

project from the junctions of the lamina and pedicle on either side. their orientation changes somewhat at different levels of spine

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13
Q

facet joints

A

formed from neighboring articular processes (inferior articular process of vertebra above articulating with the superior articular process of the vertebra below) and are synovial joints

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14
Q

osteoarthritis

A

a degenerative joint disease. can occur at facet joints

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15
Q

intervertebral disc

A

between the vertebral bodies and contain a soft core (nucleus pulposus_ and tougher outer rim called annulus fibrosis

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16
Q

intervertebral (neural) foramina

A

nerves and vessel course through to exit the canal and go to the body

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17
Q

spinal canal

A

contains spinal cord, nerve roots, cerebrospinal fluid contained by dura in the thecal sac. also fat and vessels

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18
Q

conus medullaris

A

termination of the spinal cord, usually around thoracolumbar junction

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19
Q

cauda equina

A

nerve roots in thecal sac surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid in lumbosacral region

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20
Q

anterior longitudinal ligament

A

connects anterior vertebral bodies

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21
Q

posterior longitudinal ligament

A

connects posterior vertebral bodies

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22
Q

ligamentum flavum

A

connect laminae, when enlarged can contribute to canal stenosis

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23
Q

intertransverse, interspinous, and supraspinous ligaments exist.

A

supra: connects all spinous processes

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24
Q

describe C1

A

(atlas)

  • no body
  • 2 lateral masses that articulate with occipital condyles of the skull above and with the facets of C2 below
  • lateral masses are linked by anterior and posterior arches
  • no spinous process - tubercles instead
  • transverse processes have foramina or grooves for the vertebral arteries
25
Q

Describe C2

A

(axis)

- has a dens

26
Q

another name for dens. describe it.

A

odontoid process - tooth-like process that extends superiorly from the body just posterior to the anterior arch of C1 and is held in place posteriorly by transverse ligament. allows C1 and skull to rotate.

27
Q

What condition has loose transverse ligament?

A

Down’s syndrome

28
Q

where is largest spinous process

A

C7

29
Q

through what do vertebral arteries travel in the spine?

A

foramina of several transverse processes of cervical spine

30
Q

with which vertebra do ribs articulate?

A

thoracic

31
Q

which are largest vertebral segments

A

lumbar, for weight bearing

32
Q

articulations of sacrum?

joint formed?

A

laterally articulates with iliac bone to form sacroiliac joint

33
Q

Plain film imaging for spine used for:

A

screening, often 1st line

34
Q

what is CT scan used for in spine?

A

better for bony inJury, bony degenerative changes, some bone tumors

35
Q

what is MRI best for in spine?

A

better for imaging disc, soft tissues, including ligaments and spinal cord. better for bone marrow abnormalities and metastases

36
Q

what is myelography (followed by CT) ?

A

inject contrast into thecal sac through a lumbar puncture. image with plain films and CT

37
Q

What is nuclear medicine used for in spine?

A
  • bone scars, screening for bony metastatic disease.
  • work up of bony tumors
  • sacral stress fractures
  • spondylolysis
38
Q

ALL VERTEBRAE SHOULD LINE UP

A

ALL VERTEBRAE SHOULD LINE UP

39
Q

Plain film images used of cervical spine:

A

usually 5 images: AP, lateral, 2 obliques, open mouth odontoid to look at dense and C1 lateral masses

40
Q

CT images used of cervical spine:

A

images obtained axially, reformatted in sagittal and coronal planes

41
Q

Which MRI images of cervical spine are used?

A

sagittal and axial, sometimes coronal, multi-sequence

42
Q

what is the size of intervertebral disk space at C2?

A

distance of soft tissue should be less than 5mm

43
Q

what is the size of intervertebral disk space at C5?

A

distance of soft tissue should be less than 22mm

44
Q

Name the cervical spine lines

A

prevertebral, anterior spinal line, posterior spinal line, spinolaminal line, and spinous process line

45
Q

What indicates degenerative disk disease on a scan?

A

narrowing of disk space

46
Q

what is open mouth odontoid (OMO) used to ID?

A

Lateral masses of C1 and odontoid process (dens) of C2

47
Q

what is a common cervical location for fracture?

A

lateral masses of C1

48
Q

what passes through C1 transverse foramina?

A

vertebral arteries

49
Q

MRI T1 vs T2

A

T1: fluid is dark
T2: fluid is bright

50
Q

Plain film images used for Thoracic spine:

A

AP, lateral, and Swimmer’s view for cervicothoracic junction

51
Q

What is Swimmer’s view and what is it used to see?

A

it is a lateral view but the patient’s one arm is up. it is use to see C7, T1 and T2 (the cervicothoracic junction)

52
Q

CT image planes used for Thoracic spine?

A

same as for cervical. images obtained axially, reformatted in sagittal and coronal planes.
lots of radiation

53
Q

what are the plain film views used for Lumbar spine?

A

usually get lateral, AP, and cone down lateral +/- obliques

54
Q

what do obliques have in lumbar spine?

A

scotty dog

55
Q

What is scotty dog? where is it found?

A
  • good for finding site of spondylolysis - fracture of the pars interarticularis.

parts:

  • face - pedicle of L4
  • ears - superior articular process of L4
  • legs - inferior articular process of L3
  • NECK - pars interarticularis
56
Q

what CT planes are used for Lumbar spine?

A

same as for cervical and thoracic. images obtained axially, reformatted in sagittal and coronal planes.
lots of radiation

57
Q

pars interarticularis

A

neck of scotty

between inferior articular process of L3 and superior articular process of L4

58
Q

what is the benefit of a myelogram (+CT)

A

can see nerve roots, nerve spaces, cauda equina, spinal cord etc. vs more vague outlines of bones in solo CT scan.

Radiology (2 decks)

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