Normal psychomotor development Flashcards
1
Q
What is primary neurulation?
A
- When the neural tube forms
2
Q
What is anencephaly?
A
- failure of anterior neural tube to fold
- Hypothalamus comes into contact with amniotic fluid
- Hole in top of head
3
Q
What is myelomeningocoele?
A
- Post tube defect
- Worst type of spina bifida
- Higher up, we can get hydrocephalus, whereas at the bottom we can get paralysis of the legs
4
Q
What is holoprosencephaly?
A
- Prosencephalon (forebrain of embryo) fails to develop into two hemispheres
- Normally the forebrain is formed and the face begins to develop in the 5th and 6th weeks
- When it fails to divide into two hemispheres, it causes defects in the development of the face and in brain structure and function
- In less severe cases, babies are born with normal or near-normal brain development and facial deformities that may affect the eyes, nose and upper lip
5
Q
What is the organisation of the cortex?
A
- arranged into 6 layers, each with specific arrangements of cells for its specific function
- Microgyria is when areas of brain only have 4 layers instead of 6
6
Q
How does neurodevelopment progress?
A
- Synapses achieve max density at 6-12 months after birth
- At birth the cerebral cortex is primitive, neurons are poorly connected
- Physical growth of nervous system - myelination of nerves and an increase in the number of connections between cells
- Myelination progresses - nervous control of various functions improve. continues throughout childhood
7
Q
What influences are there on development?
A
- Biological - inherited characteristics, antenatal and perinatal history, general health, vision and hearing
- Environmental - opportunities such as sensitive and supporting parenting and education, threats such as social and economic deprivation, experience and encouragement
- Hereditary determines potential, and environmental determines the extent to which they reach the potential
8
Q
What are the 6 development scales?
A
- gross motor - walking, running
- Fine motor
- Vision
- Speech
- Hearing
- Social - feeding, dressing etc
9
Q
How do gross motor skills develop?
A
- Babies arent mobile, but strart to develop it as they grow
- Reflex head turn to enable feeding
- As they get stronger they can lift their heads up and hold it straight to stop flopping
- 6-8 months they can sit alone
- By 12 months they can walk
- 12-18 moths they can walk to run and kick a ball
- Can start to go up and downstairs
10
Q
What are the variations in normal motor skills?
A
- Crawl/stand/walk = 83% of people
- Stand/walk = 6%
- Bottom shuffling = 9% (start to walk slightly later)
- Creeping-rolling = 1%
11
Q
How does fine motor and vision progress?
A
- Fine motor skills are related to vision - cant do anything if you cant see
- Start off being able to track things
- Then able to reach for things
- By 9 months they can pincer grasp neatly
- Just over 1 they can stack bricks
- 19 months - 4-6 bricks
- 2 can copy a line, then progressively get better
12
Q
What are the different stages of gripping?
A
- Rake at 4 months
- Inferior pincer grasp at 7 months
- fine pincer grasp at 9-12 months
13
Q
When do primitive reflexes start to disappear?
A
3 months
14
Q
How do speech and hearing skills develop?
A
- At first can be alerted by a bell
- Then start to learn to seach for sounds
- 8 months = mama/dada
- 9 months = can understand the word no
- 12 months - 3-5 word vocab, follows one-step command with gesture
- 14 months - follows one-step command without gesture
- 2 yrs - 50-word vocab
- 2.5 yrs - gives first and last names
- 3 yrs - 250 word vocab
15
Q
How do social skills develop?
A
- Newborn can regard face
- 6wks - spontaneous social smile
- 7months - stranger anxiety - plays peekaboo
- 12 months - drinks from cup
- 15-18 months - uses spoon, spills a little
- 2 yrs - wash and dry hands
- 3 yrs - uses spoon well
- 5 yrs - dresses without assistance
