Normal lung histology and pathophysiology of COPD Flashcards
Where are adenoid tonsils located? (1)
Nasopharynx
Pharynx epithelium types? (3)
Nasopharynx = columnar
Oropharynx/laryngopharynx = stratified squamous
Trachea and bronchioles epithelium? (1)
Ciliated columnar
Pneumocytes types? (2)
Type 1 pneumocytes = flattened cells
Type 2 pneumocytes = secretes surfactant
COPD features? (3)
Most common trigger? (1)
1) Progressive airflow obstruction
2) Irreversible
3) Abnormal inflammatory response
- Most common trigger: COPD
2 types of COPD? (2)
1) Chronic bronchitis (productive cough for 3 months of 2 years) - narrowing of airways
2) Emphysema (enlarged air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles and destruction of alveolar walls)
Chronic bronchitis main features? (2)
1) Mucous hypersecretion
2) Squamous metaplasia
Emphysema main features? (2)
1) Airways collapse on expiration as loss of elastic recoil
2) Reduced SA for gas exchange
5 complications of COPD?
1) Pneumonia
2) Respiratory failure
3) Pneumothorax
4) Cor pulmonale
5) Polycythaemia
2 presentations of COPD? (2)
Pink puffers (type 1 RF):
- Low PaO2 + normal/low PaCO2
- Breathless but not cyanosed
- Good alveolar ventilation
Blue bloaters (type 2 RF):
- Low PaO2 + high PaCO2
- Cyanosed but not breathless (requires hypoxic drive to breath so be careful with oxygen!)
- Poor alveolar ventilation
Define RF PaO2 and CO2 levels? (2)
RF 1: PaO2 = < 8kPa + PaCO2 = normal/low
RF 2: PaO2 = < 8 kPa + PaCO2 = > 6.5 kPa
Types of pneumonia? (3)
1) Viral pneumonia
2) Bacterial pneumonia
- Bronchial pneumonia (patchy)
- Lobar pneumonia (dense consolidation)
3) TB - Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Complications of pneumonia? (5)
1) Empyema: pus in pleural cavity
2) Pleural effusion
3) Abscess in lung tissue
4) Bronchiectasis (dilation of bronchi)
5) Sepsis
Types of lung cancer? (4)
Small cell cancer
Non-small cell cancer:
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Adenocarcinoma (most common)
- Large cell carcinoma
