Normal Lab Values

Question 1

White Blood Cell

Answer 1

4,000-11,000

Question 2

Sodium (Na+)

Answer 2

135-145 mEq/L

Question 3

Potassium

Answer 3

3.5-5.2 mEq/L

Question 4

Calcium (Ca2+)

Answer 4

8.7-10 mg/dL

Question 5

Phosphorous (PO4-)

Answer 5

2.5-4.5 mg/dL

Question 6

Magnesium (Mg2+)

Answer 6

1.5-2.5 mEq/L

Question 7

Blood pH

Answer 7

7.35-7.45

Question 8

pCO2 (pressure of CO2 in arterial blood)

Answer 8

35-45

Question 9

HCO3- (amount of bicarbonate in blood)

Answer 9

22-26

Question 10

paO2 (pressure of oxygen in arterial blood)

Answer 10

90-100

Question 11

SaO2 (saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen)

Answer 11

95%-100%

Question 12

IgM

Answer 12

Primary Ig. Marks primary response (first response to antigen). IgM antibodies are the first antibodies to be produced in the body in response to an infection.

Question 13

IgM Information

Answer 13

o Primary Ig. Marks primary response (first response to antigen). IgM antibodies are the first antibodies to be produced in the body in response to an infection.
o IgM antibodies are larger than IgG antibodies and when present in high numbers, may indicate a new or recent infection.
o A positive IgM may be a sign of a current or very new infection

Question 14

IgG Information

Answer 14

o “Amnestic Response”: secondary exposure (and subsequent) to same antigen
o IgG antibodies are commonly found in all body fluids.
o They are the smallest but most common antibody (75-80%) of all the antibodies in the body
o IgG antibodies are very important in fighting bacterial/viral infections
o Half-life of 7-21 days

Question 15

IgA Information

Answer 15

o Associated with mucosal surfaces
o IgM appears first, followed by IgA on mucosal surfaces or IgG in the serum
o Majority of IgA is found in various mucous secretions
 Saliva
 Milk
 Colostrum
 Tears
 Secretions from respiratory tract
 Genitourinary tract
 Prostate
o High levels of IgA indicative of an autoimmune process

Question 16

IgE Information

Answer 16

o Produced by plasma cells located in lymph nodes draining site of antigen entry
 or locally, at the sites of allergic reactions, by plasma cells derived from germinal centers developing within the inflamed tissue.
o In allergy, immune system overreacts to an allergen
 Reaction produced by IgE.
o These antibodies travel to cells that release histamine, causing an allergic reaction
o Usually present in very low concentrations in blood, rises to high levels in allergic reaction

Question 17

IgD Information

Answer 17

o Found in 
	lungs
	Skin
	Mucous membranes
o Immunoglobulin D
o Exists in small amounts in blood, 
o least understood antibody
o Only 1% of total immunoglobulins
o Rarely released
o Binds to basophils and mast cells in hypersensitivity reactions
o Usually, a tagalong in immune responses

Question 18

HIV RNA Assay Test

Answer 18

<10000 copies/mL = low risk of developing AIDS

> 100,000 copies/mL = high risk of developing AIDS

Question 19

CD4

Answer 19

700-1200
500 = significant immune impairment
200 = opportunistic infection and AIDS

Question 20

Neutrophils

Answer 20

1,500-7,700