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Pathophysiology > Normal Immunology > Flashcards

Normal Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Body’s first line of defense

A
  • innate and non-specific
  • anatomic barriers
  • biochemical barriers
  • born with
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2
Q

Body’s second line of defense

A
  • non-specific and immediate
  • inflammatory response
  • born with
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3
Q

Body’s third line of defense

A
  • specific and slow
  • immune response
  • acquired
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4
Q

Antigen definition

A

a substance that induces a specific immune response

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5
Q

Antigen info

A
  • immunologically, most antigens are pathogens, parts or products of pathogens, or other foreign compounds
  • most antigens are proteins, but some lipids, polysaccharides and nucleic acids can also be antigenic
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6
Q

pathogen

A

any virus, microorganism, or other substance causing disease

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7
Q

Forms of immunity

A
  • innate immunity

- acquired immunity

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8
Q

innate immunity

A
  • 1st and 2nd lines of defense
  • genetically determined - no prior exposure involved; present at birth
  • non-specific defense mechanisms
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9
Q

acquired immunity

A
  • 3rd line of defense
  • gained after birth; produced by the host of a donor
  • specific protection against specific antigens
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10
Q

Innate immunity surface defenses

A
  • physical barriers (skin)
  • normal bacterial flora (yeast infections)
  • chemical inhibitors (gastric acid)
  • antimicrobial substances (sebum)
  • lysozymes
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11
Q

Innate immunity mechanical removal

A
  • slough skin
  • tears
  • mucus (mucociliary elevator)
  • ciliary action
  • coughing
  • salivation
  • urination
  • defecation
  • vomiting
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12
Q

Nonspecific resistance factors

A
  • fever
  • interferons
  • complement
  • lysozyme
  • lactoferrin
  • a-antitrypsin
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13
Q

fever

A

may inhibit some pathogens; speed up body’s metabolism

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14
Q

interferons

A

interfere with viral replication inside the cell

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15
Q

complement

A

an opsonin; makes phagocytosis easier

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16
Q

lysozyme

A

an enzyme that can destroy some foreign organisms

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17
Q

lactoferrin

A

binds iron & removes it (Iron is an essential bacterial nutrient)

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18
Q

a-antitrypsin

A

inhibits bacterial enzymes

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19
Q

acquired immunity types

A
  • passive immunity
  • actie immunity
  • natural
  • induced
20
Q

passive immunity

  • natural
  • induced
A
  • produced by transfer of antibodies from another person or source
  • occurs in nature (colostrum - moms milk)
  • occurs through medical intervention (needle involved, administer serum; tetanus antitoxin snake anti-venom)
21
Q

Active immunity

  • natural
  • induced
A
  • produced by antibodies that the person’s own body develops in response to antigens (immune response)
  • occurs in nature (become sick)
  • occurs through medical intervention (administer vaccine)
22
Q

primary response

A
  • takes about two weeks to develop peak antibody titers (# of antibodies)
  • IgM and IgG levels do not remain elevated
23
Q

Secondary response

A
  • characterized by a very rapid increase in IgG titer, to levels much higher than those of the primary response
  • remains elevated for an extended period
24
Q

antigenic drift

A
  • cross protection
  • antigens mutate and change over time
  • influenze mutates often
25
Q

cross protection

A
  • antibody which fits old antigen partially fits new antigen

- similar but not identical antigen

26
Q

Goals of a good immune system

A
  • specificity
  • versatility
  • memory
  • tolerance
27
Q

specificity - immune system

A

targets a particular antigen only

28
Q

versatility - immune system

A

ability to differentiate among tens of thousands of antigens

29
Q

memory - immune system

A

a second exposure is stronger and lasts longer

30
Q

tolerance - immune system

A

does not respond to “self” antigens

31
Q

Cells of the immune system

A
  • lymphocytes: formed in the bone marrow from two different cell lines:
  • B lymphocytes (B Cells): humoral/blood (or antibody mediated) immunity
  • T lymphocytes (T cells): cell-mediated immunity
  • identical in appearance but have different functions
32
Q

B Lymphocytes & Humoral Immunity

A

when B cells encounter antigens, they are stimulated to become mature plasma cells that secrete specific antibodies

33
Q

maturation of B cells

A
  • B lymphocyte precursors are produced in bone marrow
  • first step: become immunocompetent (B cell school) during migration through the “burial equivalent”
  • second step: activation to become mature antigen-specific plasma cells
34
Q

Activated B cells give rise to which two cell lines?

A
  • memory B cells (2nd exposure stronger and faster)

- plasma cells (produce and secrete immunoglobulins (antibodies)

35
Q

Immunoglobulin is the same as?

A

Antibody

36
Q

Antibody structure

A
  • 2 polypeptide chains in a “Y” shape
  • one pair of heavy chains
  • one pair of light chains
  • each chain has a constant segment (base and 1st part of the Y) and a variable segment (tips of Y)
  • antigen binding sites are located on the variable segments “lock and key”
  • the constant sites are responsible for the biologic functions of the molecule
  • interacts w/ complement cascade, chemical mediators of inflammation , other WBCs, etc.
37
Q

5 Classes of immunoglobulins?

A

-IgG
-IgA
-IgM
-IgE
-IgD
(gamed)

38
Q

IgG

A
  • G I Joes
  • 80-85% of circulating immunoglobulins
  • responsible for most antibody functions (precipitation, agglutination, complement activation)
  • major antibody in fetal blood
39
Q

IgA

A
  • predominant antibody in normal body secretions (such as mucus, tears, saliva and milk and they attack pathogens before they gain access to internal tissues)
  • secretory piece may protect against enzymatic degradation
  • A= first letter, milk is the first thing newborns have related to immune system
40
Q

IgM

A
  • M= military & first responders
  • first antibody secreted after the arrival of an antigen (subsequently IgM levels decrease as IgG production accelerates)
  • 10 theoretical antigenic binding sites (only half of them work)
41
Q

IgE

A
  • important in allergic responses
  • attached to basophils and mast cells (same)
  • important but don’t hang in blood (stay in tissues)
  • when antigens bind to IgE, these cells release histamine and other chemical mediators of inflammation
  • degranulates when antigen attaches
42
Q

IgD

A
  • found only on the surfaces of developing B cells (immunocompetance)
  • plays a role in activating the B cell to produce antibodies
43
Q

function of antibodies

A
  • neutralize bacterial toxins
  • antibody acts as an antitoxin
  • antitoxin-toxin complexes removed by phagocytes
  • neutralize viruses
  • does virus circulate in the bloodstream?
  • activate components of the inflammatory response
  • opsonize bacteria
  • opsonins make bacteria more susceptible to phagocytosis (call over phagocytes)
44
Q

Opsonization

A
  • opsonins are binding enhancers that make phagocytosis easier
  • bacteria have a “slime” capsule
  • both antigens and antibody complexes and macrophages are negatively charged (greased pig)
45
Q

two most common opsonins

A
  • complement

- antibodies (holds on to bacteria to trigger macrophage to get it)

46
Q

T Lymphocytes & Cell-Mediated Immunity

A
  • T cells account for 80% of all lymphocytes
  • T cells recognize specific antigens, which they attack directly
  • T cell precursors are formed in the bone marrow and then become immunocompetent after migrating through the thymus
  • These T cells produce plasma membrane receptors that are antigen-specific

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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