Normal Gait Mechanics

Question 1

What are the two main functions of the foot?

Answer 1

pronation and supination

Question 2

What is the function for pronation?

Answer 2

adaptation, shock absorption and torque conversion from up the kinetic chain

Question 3

What is the function of supination?

Answer 3

rigid lever used late in stance phase for stable propulsion

Question 4

How long is the swing phase during gait cycle?

Answer 4

1/3 or about 0.4 secs

Question 5

How long is the stance phase during gait cycle?

Answer 5

2/3 or about 0.6 seconds

Question 6

What happens during initial contact of gait?

Answer 6

begins with lateral heel strike, supinated foot and heel acts as a rocker

Question 7

What happens during loading response of gait?

Answer 7

foot absorbs impact from initial contact by subtalar pronation which unlocks mid tarsal joints

Question 8

What happens during mid stance of gait?

Answer 8

SLS stance begins, ankle becomes rocker, COG begins to move over BOS, Hip and knee extension

ST joint begins to supinate to prepare for push off

Question 9

What happens during terminal stance of gait?

Answer 9

SLS concludes, forefoot rocker, body moves ahead of BOS

Question 10

What two phases of gait are DLS?

Answer 10

initial contact and pre swing

Question 11

Where is one’s COG in DLS?

Answer 11

low and in the middle of BOS

Question 12

Where is one’s COG in SLS?

Answer 12

High, and is lateral of BOS towards the stance leg

Question 13

What is average angle of gait?

Answer 13

7 degrees of toe out should see 5th Met and maybe 4th from behind

Question 14

What is average base of gait or BOS?

Answer 14

3.5 inches

Question 15

What is average stride length?

Answer 15

4.5 feet, distance between two consecutive initial contacts of same foot

Question 16

What is always consistent during subtalar pronation?

Answer 16

Calcaneal eversion

Question 17

What occurs during OKC subtalar pronation?

Answer 17

calc EV, ABD, DF

Question 18

What occurs during CKC subtalar pronation?

Answer 18

Calc EV, ADD/PF, tibial IR (moves based off Talus)

Question 19

During CKC pronation what happens up the chain?

Answer 19

Calc EV, Talar ADD/PF, Tibial IR, knee flexion, HIP IR, APT, lumbar lordosis

Question 20

During subtalar supination what is always consistent?

Answer 20

calcaneal inversion

Question 21

What happens during OKC supination?

Answer 21

calc INV, ADD, PF

Question 22

What happens at subtalar joint during CKC supination?

Answer 22

calc inv, ABD/DF, tibial ER

Question 23

During CKC supination what happens up the chain?

Answer 23

calc inv , ABD/DF, tibial ER, knee ext, hip ER, PPT, decreased LL

Question 24

During subtalar pronation how are the CC and TN joints aligned?

Answer 24

they become parallel to one another which allows for more mobility in the mid foot

Question 25

During subtalar supination how are the CC and TN joints aligned?

Answer 25

they become stacked on top of one another which creates more rigidity and less mobility at mid foot

Question 26

What is goal and ground force reaction during loading response?

Answer 26

shock absorption, adapt to terrain GFR: vertical load of 110-125% BW, increases with increased cadence

Question 27

What is goal and ground force reaction during mid stance?

Answer 27

foot needs to become more stable GRF: 75% of BW

Question 28

What is goal and ground force reaction during pre swing?

Answer 28

prepare for propulsion, Rapid ER as swing limb advances GFR: 125% of BW

Question 29

What is happening at femur during loading response?

Answer 29

30 of flexion moving into 10-20 extension, IR decelerating by external rotators and glutes limb rotation absorbed by STJ torque conversion

Question 30

What is happening at femur during mid stance?

Answer 30

hip extends as momentum advances body, ER force created by swing of leg and opposite arm and helped by external rotators and glutes

Question 31

What is happening at femur during terminal stance and pre swing?

Answer 31

hip extension, ER accelerated by ER and glutes

Question 32

What happens at knee during loading response?

Answer 32

flexion for shock absorption, decelerated by quads, glutes and hammys Tibial IR unlocks knee for STJ pronation

Question 33

What is happening at knee during mid stance?

Answer 33

flexion to extension, decelerated by gastroc., tibial ER for STJ supination

Question 34

What is happening at knee during pre swing?

Answer 34

flexion, accelerated by hamstring

Question 35

What happens at ankle during loading response?

Answer 35

slight DF due to TA working during swing phase, then rapid PF decelerated by TA, EDL, EHL

Question 36

What happens at ankle during mid stance?

Answer 36

DF as tibia advances over fixed foot, decelerated by gastric and soleus to prevent excessive DF

Question 37

What happens at ankle during pre swing?

Answer 37

PF by gastric and soleus

Question 38

During initial contact what is the position of 4 different LE joints?

Answer 38

Hip- flexed knee- extended ankle- DF Subtalar- supinated

Question 39

During loading response what is the position of 4 different LE joints?

Answer 39

hip- IR + extended knee- flexed with tibial IR ankle- PF STJ- pronating

Question 40

During mid stance what is the position of 4 different LE joints?

Answer 40

Hip- ER and extended knee- extended tibial ER ankle- DF Subtalar- supinated

Question 41

During propulsion phase what is the position of 4 different LE joints?

Answer 41

Hip- ER and extended knee- extended tibial ER ankle- PF Subtalar- supinated