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Prostheses, Orthoses, Advanced Gait > Normal Gait > Flashcards

Normal Gait Flashcards

1
Q

Write out / draw the progression of the Normal Gait Cycle.

A
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2
Q

What are the 3 Functional Tasks of Gait?

A

Weight Acceptance: IC, LR / forward progression / stability / shock absorption

Single Limb Support: MSt, TSt / forward progression / stability

Swing Limb Advancement: PSw, ISw, MSw, TSw / foot clearance / limb advancement

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3
Q

Locomotor Functions

A

Propulsion

Stability

Shock absorption

Energy conservation

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4
Q

Biomechanical Functions

A

Propulsion

Body support

M/L stability

Limb advancement

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5
Q

Biomechanical Subcomponents (List AND Define)

A

Stance Control: Absence of vertical limb / trunk collapse during stance

Limb Advancement: Adequate foot clearance and a positive step length bilaterally

Propulsion: Ability to move COM in a specific direction (forward, backward, etc.) during stance

Postural Stability: Maintaining upright in sagittal and frontal planes, keeping COM within BOS

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6
Q

Which Functional Tasks / Biomechanical Subcomponents are associated with the following phases of Gait?:

Initial Contact

Loading Response

A

FT: Weight Acceptance

BS: Stance control / postural stability

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7
Q

Which Functional Tasks / Biomechanical Subcomponents are associated with the following phases of Gait?:

Midstance

Terminal Stance

A

FT: Single Limb Support

BS: Stance control / propulsion / postural stability

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8
Q

Which Functional Tasks / Biomechanical Subcomponents are associated with the following phases of Gait?:

Pre-Swing / Initial Swing / Mid Swing / Terminal Swing

A

FT: Swing Limb Advancement

BS: Limb advancement

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9
Q

How much of the Gait Cycle is comprised of the Stance Phase? Swing Phase? What are the implications of this?

A

Stance Phase is 62% of gait cycle

Swing Phase is 38% of gait cycle

Stance Phase problems set up deviations in Swing Phase

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10
Q

Single Limb Support vs. Double Limb Support (% of Gait Cycle)

A

Single Limb Support is 80%

Double Limb Support is 20%

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11
Q

The “Rockers” within the Gait Cycle function to do what? List them.

A

Help smoothly progress gait

Heel / Ankle: Deceleration

Forefoot / Toe: Acceleration

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12
Q

Initial Contact (Pelvis / Hip / Knee / Ankle / Critical Events)

A

Pelvis: 5 degrees forward rotation

Hip: 20 degrees flexion / hip extensors (glutes) stabilize thigh (counteract GRF anterior to knee and hip) during LR

Knee: 5 degrees flexion (“soft” knee) / quads prep for LR

Ankle: Neutral / isometric pre-tibials

Critical Event: Heel first contact

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13
Q

Loading Response (Pelvis / Hip / Knee / Ankle / Critical Events)

A

Pelvis: 5 degrees forward rotation

Hip: 20 degrees flexion / hip extensors (still counteract GRF - in this phase GRF is anterior to hip and posterior to knee), abductors

Knee: 15 degrees flexion / eccentric quads (“cushions” landing)

Ankle: 5 degrees PF / eccentric pre-tibials / Heel Rocker

Critical Event: Hip stability / controlled knee flexion / ankle PF (Heel Rocker)

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14
Q

Hyperextension of the knee during Loading Response may be indicative of what?

A

Weak quads - “quick” buckling in mild weakness / severe knee buckling

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15
Q

The term “Foot Slapper” is associated with a weak ___ muscle group and favors ___ contact.

A

pre-tibial , forefoot

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16
Q

Midstance (Pelvis / Hip / Knee / Ankle / Critical Events)

A

Pelvis: Neutral

Hip: Neutral / hip abductors (keep pelvis upright)

Knee: 5 degrees flexion / quads initially then off

Ankle: 5 degrees DF / eccentric plantarflexors / Ankle Rocker (smooth progression over foot)

Critical Event: Controlled tibial advancement

17
Q

What event marks the beginning of Midstance?

A

The picking up of the opposite foot

18
Q

Hyperextension of the knee during Midstance may be indicative of what?

A

Weak plantarflexors

Lacking DF ROM

Turning on quads due to failure to trust plantarflexors

19
Q

Terminal Stance (Pelvis / Hip / Knee / Ankle / Toes / Critical Events)

A

Pelvis: 5 degrees backward rotation

Hip: 20 degrees extension / no muscle activity

Knee: 5 degrees flexion (neutral) / no muscle activity

Ankle: 10 degrees DF (LL in more inclined position) / eccentric PFs / Forefoot Rocker

Toes: 20-30 degrees extension

Critical Event: Calf muscles control ankle DF allowing heel rise / trailing limb / GRF becomes anterior to knee and posterior to hip

20
Q

Distinct Characteristics of Terminal Stance

A

Upside down “V” between legs

Highest torque demand in gait cycle due to eccentric DF

Ends when opposite heel makes contact

21
Q

How does poor Gastroc (PF) control translate during Terminal Stance?

A

Lack of heel rise

Decrease in “V” shape

Short step (no trust in WB on Gastroc)

22
Q

Preswing (Pelvis / Hip / Knee / Ankle / Toes / Critical Events)

A

Pelvis: 5 degrees backward rotation

Hip: 10 degrees extension / adductors

Knee: 40 degrees flexion / no muscle activity

Ankle: 15 degrees PF / no muscle activity

Toes: 55-60 degrees extension / Toe Rocker

Critical Event: Passive knee flexion / ankle PF assists with passive knee flexion

23
Q

What should the contact made by the opposite heel during Preswing allow for in the rest of the trailing limb?

A

“Elastic recoil” of PFs and everything passively increases (knee flexion / ankle PF / toe extension)

24
Q

Initial Swing (Pelvis / Hip / Knee / Ankle / Critical Events)

A

Pelvis: 5 degrees backward rotation

Hip: 15 degrees flexion / concentric hip flexors

Knee: 60 degrees flexion / knee flexors

Ankle: 5 degrees PF / pre-tibials concentric activity

Critical Event: Hip flexion 15 degrees, knee flexion to 60 degrees

25
Q

Mid-Swing (Pelvis / Hip / Knee / Ankle / Critical Events)

A

Pelvis: Neutral

Hip: 25 degrees flexion / concentric hip flexors initially then HS eccentrically

Knee: 25 degrees flexion / silent then HS initiate to eccentrically decelerate the lower limb

Ankle: Neutral / isometric pre-tibials

Critical Event: Further hip flexion / DF to neutral

26
Q

Terminal Swing (Pelvis / Hip / Knee / Ankle / Critical Events)

A

Pelvis: 5 degrees forward rotation

Hip: 20 degrees flexion / HS eccentrically decelerate the lower limb

Knee: Neutral (5 degrees) - full knee extension / quads concentrically, HS eccentrically decelerate the lower limb

Ankle: Neutral / isometric pre-tibials

Critical Event: Knee extension

27
Q

What could occur if the knee is not fully extended during Terminal Swing?

A

Patient may land flat footed

28
Q

How much DF is necessary in Swing Phase vs. Stance Phase?

A

Swing - Neutral

Stance - 10 degrees

29
Q

What is the critical event that happens in Terminal Stance that allows for passive knee flexion during Preswing?

A

Controlled tibial advancement / heel off

Prostheses, Orthoses, Advanced Gait (3 decks)

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