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EKG > Normal EKG > Flashcards

Normal EKG Flashcards

1
Q

What portion of the P wave represents the right atrium?

A

First

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2
Q

What portion of the P wave represents the left atrium?

A

Second

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3
Q

What is a QS wave?

A

If the entire deflection is entirely negative

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4
Q

What is the second positive deflection of a QRS called?

A

R’ (R-Prime)

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5
Q

What is an RS wave?

A

A wave that starts positive and then goes negative before returning to baseline (without going positive again)

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6
Q

What is a QR wave?

A

A wave that starts negative and then goes positive before returning to baseline (without going negative again)

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7
Q

What is an R-wave?

A

If the entire deflection is entirely positive

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8
Q

What does the earliest portion of the QRS represent?

A

Depolarization of the septum by the septal fasicle of the LBB

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9
Q

What is the T wave usually much broader than the QRS wave?

A

Repolarization is a much slower process (remember the pumps)

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10
Q

What is the difference between a segment and an interval?

A

A segment connects to waves where as an interval contains the line and one of the two waves

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11
Q

What does the QT interval represent?

A

The time from the start of depolarization through the completion of repolarization

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12
Q

What is the degree for lead I?

A

0 degrees (left arm)

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13
Q

What is the degree for lead II?

A

60 degrees (left leg)

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14
Q

What is the degree for lead III?

A

120 degree (right leg)

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15
Q

What is the degree for aVL?

A

-30 degree (left shoulder)

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16
Q

What is the degree for aVR?

A

-150 degree (right shoulder)

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17
Q

what is the degree for aVF?

A

90 degree (straight down)

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18
Q

What are leads I and aVL often referred to as?

A

Left lateral leads

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19
Q

What is considered the only true right sided lead?

A

aVR

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20
Q

Where does the right ventricle lie in the body?

A

Anterior and medially

21
Q

Where does the left ventricle lie in the body?

A

Posterior and laterally

22
Q

What lead lies over the right ventricle?

A

V1

23
Q

What lead lies over the intraventricular septum?

A

V2 and V3

24
Q

What lead lies over the apex of the left ventricle?

A

V4

25
Q

What lead lies over the lateral left ventricle

A

V5-6

26
Q

What are considered the right leads on a standard EKG?

A

V1 and aVR

27
Q

Why is the P wave usually biphasic in lead III?

A

It’s angle is 120 degrees and lies nearly perpendicular to the atrial current (usually 30 degrees)

28
Q

What leads usually have a biphasic P wave?

A

III and V1 because the atrial current runs perpendicular to these leads

29
Q

Describe the P wave usually found in aVR

A

Usually negative because

30
Q

A normal septal Q wave won’t be bigger than what?

A

0.1 mV (1 small box)

31
Q

What is the normal QRS morphology in aVR?

A

All negative (QS wave) since often the electricity is moving directly away

32
Q

What precordial lead usually has the largest R-wave?

A

V5

33
Q

Where is the transition zone usually for R-wave progression?

A

V3 or V4. This is where QRS complexes go from mostly negative to mostly positive.

34
Q

Why are QRS and T waves usually congruently positive or negative together on a normal EKG if one is depolarizaton is one is repolarization?

A

Because repolarization usually starts in the apex and moves backwards up the heart

35
Q

What is the QT interval proportional to?

A

Heart rate. For a faster heart rate the QT has to shorten (repolarize faster) so that the heart can fire again.

36
Q

What percentage of time does the normal QT interval comprise of the cardiac cycle?

A

40%

37
Q

What does cardiac hypertrophy mean?

A

Increased muscle mass (different than enlargement)

38
Q

What is the usual cause of cardiac hypertrophy?

A

Pressure overload (think HTN or aortic stenosis)

39
Q

What is cardiac enlargement?

A

Dilation of a particular chamber (different than hypertrophy)

40
Q

What typically causes cardiac enlargement?

A

Volume overload (think about valve issues like mitral regurgitation)

41
Q

What are three changes that can occur on an EKG when there is hypertrophy or enlargement?

A
  1. Increased duration of P wave or QRS due to more time needed for depolarization
  2. Increase in amplitude of wave 2/2 increased muscle mass
  3. The axis can shift 2/2 more current coming from that particular chamber
42
Q

What is the normal axis for the QRS?

A

0-90 degress

43
Q

What is the quick way of determining if QRS axis is appropriate?

A

Up in I and up in aVF (this means that waves have to be moving somewhere between these two)

44
Q

What is right axis deviation?

A

QRS between 90 and 180 degress. Think up in III and avF. Will also be negative in I.

45
Q

What is left axis deviation?

A

QRS between 0 and -90. This that the QRS will be positive in I and negative in aVF

46
Q

What is extreme right axis deviation?

A

Between -90 and 180. Will be negative in I and aVF.

47
Q

What is the normal P wave axis?

A

Between 0 and 70 degrees

48
Q

What is the normal T wave axis?

A

Variable but should be between 50-60 degrees of the QRS

EKG (4 decks)

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