NORMAL DISFLUENCY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF STUTTERING

Question 1

Describe the basic speech behaviors of stuttering repetitions, prolongations and blocks

Answer 1

core behaviours

Question 2

speaker’s reactions to his or her repetitions, prolongations, and blocks, in on attempt to end them quickly or avoid them altogether

Answer 2

Secondary Behaviors

Question 3

may precipitate stutter just as stutters may
create this

Answer 3

feelings

Question 4

feelings that has become a pervasive part of a person’s beliefs

Answer 4

attitudes

Question 5

speculations about the process that may
cause disfluencies or stuttering at each developmental
level.

Answer 5

Underlying Processes

Question 6

observed most frequently among children who are just beginning to stutter and are simply a sound, syllable, or single-syllable word

Answer 6

core behaviours - Repetitions

Question 7

Denote stutters in which sound or airflow continues but
movement of the articulators (at a certain position) is
stopped, but the airflow is continuous

Answer 7

core behaviours - Prolongations

Question 8

Occur when a person inappropriately stops the flow of air or voice and often the movement of articulators, as well

Answer 8

core behaviours - blocks

Question 9

Speaker is already in the moment or in the middle of the stutter

Answer 9

SECONDARY BEHAVIORS - Escape Behaviors

Question 10

speaker’s attempt to prevent a stuttering when he or she anticipates stuttering on a word or in a situation

Answer 10

SECONDARY BEHAVIORS - Avoidance Behaviors

Question 11

DEVELOPMENTAL LEVELS OF STUTTERING

Answer 11

Normal Disfluency, Borderline Stuttering, Beginning Stuttering, Intermediate Stuttering, Advanced Stuttering

Question 12

average of about 7 disfluencies for every 100 words spoken

Answer 12

normal disfluency

Question 13

11 or more disfluencies per 100 words

MORE repetitions and prolongations; LESS
revisions or interjections

No secondary behaviors observed

Answer 13

YOUNGER CHILDREN: BORDERLINE STUTTERING

Question 14

Rapid, irregular and tense repetitions may have fixed articulatory posture in blocks

Escape behaviors

time they become aware of disfluency and may express frustration

Answer 14

OLDER PRESCHOOL CHILDREN: BEGINNING STUTTERING

Question 15

Blocks With prolongation and repetition

Presence of both escape and avoidance behaviors

Feelings of fear, frustration, embarrassment and shame

Fear before stuttering, embarrassment during stuttering, and shame after stuttering characterize this
level

Answer 15

SCHOOL AGE: INTERMEDIATE STUTTERING

Question 16

Long, tense blocks Some with tremors

Presence of both extensive escape and avoidance behaviors

Negative self-concept

Answer 16

OLDER TEENS AND ADULTS: ADVANCED STUTTERING