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FLUENCY > Normal Disfluency and Development of Stuttering > Flashcards

Normal Disfluency and Development of Stuttering Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 subcategories of Stuttering

A

Core and Secondary Behaviors, Feelings and Attitude, Underlying process

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2
Q

Describes basic speech behaviors

Is involuntary

A

Core Behaviors

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3
Q

Three main behaviors to watch for

A

Repetitions, Prolongations, Blocks

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4
Q

Reactions to his/her repetitions and attempt to avoid them or end

Presence of the reactions to the core behaviors

A

Secondary Behaviors

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5
Q

Phenomenon where there is no stuttering

A

Primary Stuttering

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6
Q

Two broad classes of Secondary Behaviors

A

Escape and Avoidance

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7
Q

___ may precipitate stuttering

give examples

A

Feelings

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8
Q

Feelings that became a pervasive part of a person’s belief

give examples

A

Attitude

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9
Q

Speculations about the process that MAY cause disfluencies/stuttering at each level of development

A

Underlying process

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10
Q

helps understand the nature of the symptoms and rationale for the treatment of it

A

Underlying process

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11
Q

Mostly observed most frequently among children who are just beginning to stutter

A

Repetition

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12
Q

The first core behavior you would observe

A

Repetition

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13
Q

In children who have not been stuttering for long, what is the more common to repeat?

more than what?

A

single-syllable word repetitions and part-word repetitions

multisyllable word repetitions

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14
Q

Usually appear later than repetitions

A

Prolongations

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15
Q

Movement of the articulators (at a certain position) is stopped, but the airflow is continuous

A

Prolongations

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16
Q

What is the time that even as short as that, it’s considered prolongations?

A

Half a second

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17
Q

Last core behavior to appear (typically)

A

Blocks

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18
Q

Stops the flow of air or voice and often the movement of articulators, as well

A

Blocks

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19
Q

Blocks may involve any level of the speech production mechanism which are?

A

respiratory, laryngeal, or articulatory

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20
Q

As stuttering persists, blocks grow___

A

Longer and more tense, and tremors may become evident

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21
Q

Difference of Blocks and Prolongations

A

Prolongations = movement is stopped but airflow is continuous

Blocks = both movement and airflow is stopped

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22
Q

In Blocks, airflow is stuck behind the___

A

voice mechanism

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23
Q

Already in the moment or in the middle of the stutter

A

Escape Behaviors

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24
Q

Intention in Escape Behaviors

A

Attempt to terminate a stutter and finish the word.

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25
Q

Attempt to prevent a stuttering when he or she anticipates stuttering

A

Avoidance Behaviors

26
Q

Intention in Avoidance Behavior

A

Prevent and avoid stutter

Keyword: BEFORE

27
Q

What are the 5 stages of Development in Stuttering

Development - Age - Kind of Stuttering

A

Normal Disfluency
- Typical disfluency

Younger Preschool Children:
Borderline Stuttering
- Around 4 y/o

Older Preschool Children: Beginning Stuttering
- Around 5-6 y/o

School Age: Intermediate Stuttering
- Around gradeschool

Older Teens and Adults: Advanced Stuttering

28
Q

What are the core behaviors under Normal Disfluency

A

The 8 common categories

(P, S, M, P, I, R, P, T)

Part-word repetition
Single-syllable word repetition
Multisyllabic Word Repetition
Phrase Repetition
Interjection
Revision-incomplete phrase
Prolongation
Tense Pause

29
Q

Distinguishing features under Core behaviors in normal disfluency

to know if normal or not anymore

A

Amount of disfluency, Number of units of repetitions and interjections, Type of disfluency

30
Q

To keep the count equitable between younger and older children

A

Assessed disfluencies in children as the number per 100 syllables attempted

31
Q

Normally speaking preschool children have an average of____

A

7 disfluencies for every 100 words spoken

32
Q

Common types of disfluency according to Johnson and associates

A

interjections, revisions and whole-word repetitions

33
Q

Two clusters of common disfluency types by Yairi

A

Repetitions of speech segments of one syllable or less

Interjections and revisions

34
Q

Interjections are common but decline at what age

A

3 years old

35
Q

Secondary Behaviors for Normal Disfluency

A

No secondary behavior and rare

36
Q

Feeling and Attitudes in Normal Disfluency

A

None

37
Q

Underlying Process in Normal Disfluency

A

Stresses of speech and Psychosocial development process

38
Q

Ages _____ where there are periods of increased disfluency

A

2 - 5

39
Q

How many disfluencies in Normal Disfluency

A

7 out of 100

40
Q

How many disfluencies in Borderline Disfluency

A

11 or more out of 100

41
Q

Disfluencies in Borderline stuttering are__

why so?

A

Loose and relaxed

They are not aware

42
Q

Core Behaviors: Borderline Stuttering

More ____; Less _____

A

More repetition and prolongations

Less interjections and revisions

43
Q

Secondary Behaviors for Borderline Disfluency

A

No secondary behavior

44
Q

Feeling and Attitudes in Borderline Disfluency

A

None

45
Q

Core Behaviors in Beginning Stuttering

A

Rapid, Irregular, and tense

“HURRY”

46
Q

T or F: There are interjections in Beginning Stuttering

A

False (there are none)

47
Q

Secondary Behaviors in Beginning Stuttering

A

Escape Behaviors

48
Q

What development is life-changing in Beginning Stuttering, making it different

A

Cognitive development/cognitive growth

49
Q

Increase in pitch and loudness are observed in what developmental stage (core behavior)

A

Beginning Stuttering

50
Q

Feeling and Attitudes where they become aware of disfluency and may express frustration

A

Beginning Stuttering

51
Q

Underlying Process: Beginning Stuttering

Conditioned emotional reactions causing excess____

A

Tension

52
Q

Underlying Process:

Major factor underlying beginning stuttering appears to be____

A

Sensitivity to stress

53
Q

T or F: Awareness of difficulty and NO strong negative feeling about the self (under beginning stuttering)

A

True

54
Q

Most frequent core behavior in Intermediate Stuttering

A

Blocks (but still have prolongation and repetition)

55
Q

Secondary Behaviors in Intermediate Stuttering

A

Both Escape and Avoidance Behavior

56
Q

Feeling and Attitudes in Intermediate Stuttering

A

Feelings of fear, embarrassment, shame

FEELINGS ONLY

57
Q

Underlying Processes in Intermediate Stuttering

A

Instrumental conditioning resulting in escape behaviors

avoidance conditioning

58
Q

Most frequent core behavior in Advanced Stuttering

A

Long tensed blocks

some with tremors of the lips, jaw, and tongue

59
Q

Secondary Behaviors in Advanced Stuttering

A

Extensive Escape and Avoidance Behavior

extensive = di nila napapansin na ginagawa nila

60
Q

Feeling and Attitudes in Advanced Stuttering

A

Negative self-concept

61
Q

Underlying Processes in Advanced Stuttering

A

instrumental conditioning, cognitive learning

FLUENCY (1 decks)

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