Normal Development Flashcards
IQ is a ratio of what two “ages” in a child?
Mental Age/ Chronological Age
What are the 3 sub-types of factors which can influence normal development?
Genetic
Nutritional
Environmental
Describe the difference between MEDIAN age and LIMIT age for acquiring a skill
MEDIAN = 50% children in population achieve a skill
LIMIT = skill should have been acquired by 97.5% of children (2SD)
What are the normal MEDIAN and LIMIT ages for walking?
13 months = MEDIAN
18 months = LIMIT
By what age do the majority of children crawl?
10 months
Give variations of crawling
Bum shuffle (adopted by 70% of non-crawlers) Commando crawl (pulling along by arms) Rolling Back Torpedo Shuffling (dig heels in and push head backwards)
Children who adopt a crawling variation generally walk later than those who 4-point crawl. TRUE/FALSE?
TRUE
What is meant by cephalocaudal development?
Direction of development in child
Head -> Trunk -> Limbs -> Extremities
What are the 4 main areas of development?
Gross motor
Fine motor and vision
Language and hearing
Social behaviour and play
A development in one specific area can halt development in another area. TRUE/FALSE?
TRUE
e.g. a development in walking between 13-18 months can cause a halt in the progression of speech and language
Give examples of the primitive reflexes
- Sucking and rooting (breastfeeding)
- Palmar and plantar grasp
- Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR)
- Moro
- Stepping and placing
Explain the moro reflex
- response to a sudden loss of support
- infant feels as if it is falling
- arms spread by side and then brought in as if to regain support
Describe what happens during the Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR)
head turns to side and ipsilateral arm comes out for stability
The ATNR is lost later in life. TRUE/FALSE?
TRUE
lost at around 3-4 months
When are the saving reflexes developed and give an example?
between 5-7 months
e.g. putting hand down to stop losing balance when sitting
It is important to put a baby to sleep on their back, but should they be put on their front when awake?
Yes as not lying prone will prevent development in that area
Describe what is meant by the phrase “cruising around the furniture”
Using furniture as support for balance when they can’t walk unaided
What condition can be missed and become responsible for babies refusing to walk at 18 months?
Dislocated Hip
Fine motor skills can disguise visual impairment to parents. TRUE/FALSE?
TRUE
just because a child can bring their hand up in front of their face and study it does not mean their vision is okay
What is “Transpheric Grip”?
baby transferring an item from one hand to the other
At what age do babies develop fine pincer grip and why is this an issue?
12 months
Risk of picking up small items that could cause choking
Could get a hold of medication that could be harmful to them
Hearing difficulties are always picked up on neonatal screening. TRUE/FALSE?
FALSE
- Doesnt always pick it up
- Recurrent ear infections in infancy can cause “glue ear” and hearing problems
What pitch of vibrations are children missing if they have “glue ear”?
High pitched
they can often hear the low pitched vibrations in speech
If a child reaches the limit age for development of a social smile, what can this indicate?
Potential early autism
Visual defect? (as they cant see people smiling back at them)
What is meant by symbolic play?
The child plays with toys as if the items are real
e. g.
1) uses phone as if really talking on the phone to another person
2) Puts teddy to bed
What is meant by object permanence?
The child looks for a toy even though it was temporarily out of sight
