Normal Development Flashcards
What are the features of a mental disorder according to the DSM (there are no definitions of normality / mental health)?
A behavioral, emotional, or cognitive syndrome that reflects dysfunction in psychological, biological, or developmental processes. It is usually associated with distress, is not an expected / approved response, and is not simply socially deviant behavior.
What is attachment and its significance of attachment to infancy? What are the possible effects if it is not there?
Emotional connection that develops between infant and primary caregiver
Effects of deprivation longterm:
- Anaclitic depression
- Social / emotional deficits - poor socialization / language / trust in others
- Physical effects - failure to thrive, even death
What is anaclitic depression?
Children become susceptible to physical illness and are depressed when separated from primary caregiver
What are the four primary infant reflexes?
- Babinski
- Moro
- Rooting
- Palmar
Disappears like the ocular nerve numbers, 3, 4, 6 months
What is the Babinski reflex and when does it disappear by?
Big toe dorsiflexes with plantar stimulation (toes fan out)
Disappears at end of infancy / beginning of toddlerhood (1 year)
What is the Moro reflex and when does it disappear by?
Limbs extend when baby is startled
-Disappears by 3 months (first reflex to go)
What is the Rooting reflex and when does it disappear by?
Infant puckers lips and turns head upon perioral stimulation for breastfeeding
Disappears by 4 months (second reflex to go)
What is the Palmar reflex and when does it disappear by?
When an object is placed in infant’s palm, they will grasp
Disappears by 6 months
What is a transitional object? When does attachment develop?
Can develop in infancy, its an object which young child becomes attached to and uses as a halfway step between attachment to parent and herself
When does stranger anxiety develop and what does it mean?
Develops normally around 6 months (when palmar reflex disappears) -> infant can distinguish caregivers, will cry / cling to parent when strangers approach
When does separation anxiety develop and what is it?
Occurs by 9 months, separation from primary caregiver gives normal anxiety
What is the order of postural developments in infancy? From lying down to walking.
Lifts head to prone by 1 month Rolls over by 4-5 months Sits and rolls by 6 months Crawls by 8 months Stands by 10 months Walks by 12-18 months
What are the toy playing milestones in infancy?
6 months - passes toys hand to hand
10 months - Pincer grab (thumb to finger)
At what age can an infant drink from a cup and point to objects?
12 months
What is first aid mnemonic for developmental milestones?
Parents Start Observing, (0-12 months, infant)
Child Rearing Working, (12-36 months, toddler)
Don’t Forget, they’re still Learning! (3-5 yrs, preschool)
What are the three 3 S’s of infancy?
Social Smile (2 months) Stranger Anxiety (6 months) Separation Anxiety (9 months)
What are the 3 O’s of infancy and their associated times?
Orients to voice - 4 months, then name at 9 months
Object permanence - 9 months, develops at same time as separation anxiety
Oratory - says mama / dada at 10 months, but actually means mama / dada by 12 months
What is the mnemonic for 6 month milestones?
6 - sits alone
6abbles
6 (funny face nose) - laughs
What is Piaget’s first stage and what is the timetable?
Birth - 24 months
Sensorimotor stage -> gain control of motor functions and interact with world through sensory observation
What are Freud’s and Erikson’s theories of Infancy? What happens if you can’t fulfill Erikson’s
Both 0-1 year
Freud: Oral - urges focused on feeding, source of all satisfaction and frustration
Erikson: Trust vs Mistrust
- > Trust - when attached to a parent providing consistent care
- > Mistrust - can’t rely on parents, leads to emptiness / despair
When does gender identity set in and when is it fixed? Is it innate?
Begins at 18 months - you feel male or female
Fixed by 24-30 months.
Yes, majority of it is innate
What are the three R’s of toddlerhood (child Rearing working)?
Recreation - parallel play by 2 years
Rapproachment - by 2 years
Realization - of core gender identity
What are parallel play and rapprochement?
Parallel play - playing next to another child, but not with eachother
Rapprochement - Child wants independence but fears abandonment, will leave caregiver, return briefly, then go out to explore again
What are the four C’s of toddlership (Child rearing working)?
Cruises - takes first steps by 12-18 months, runs by 24 months
Climbs stairs 18 months
Cubes stacked - 3 x age in years = 6 by two years
Cutlery - feeds self with fork and spoon
Kicks ball - not a C, but 24 months