Normal child development, hearing and vision Flashcards
What are the four fields of development?
Gross motor
Vision and fine motor
Hearing, speech and language
Social, emotional and behavioural
How can you adjust for prematurity?
If a child has been preterm, assess developmental age by calculating it from the expected date of delivery
When does correcting for prematurity stop?
It is not required after about 2 years of age
What are primitive reflexes?
Reflexes present at birth that gradually disappear
What are postural reflexes?
Reflexes that develop because they are essential for independent sitting and walking
What is the moro reflex?
Primitive reflex - sudden extension of the head causing symmetrical extension, then flexion of the arms
What is the grasp reflex?
Primitive reflex - flexion of fingers when an object is placed in the palm
What is the rooting reflex?
Primitive reflex - head turns to the stimulus when touched near the mouth
What is the stepping response?
Primitive reflex - stepping movements when held vertically and dorsum of feet touch a surface
What is the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex?
Primitive reflex - lying supine, the infant adopts an outstretched arm to the side to which the head if turned
What is labyrinthine righting?
Postural reflex - head moves in opposite direction to which the body is tilted
What is postural support?
Postural reflex - when held upright, legs take weight and may push up (bounce)
When is lateral propping?
Postural reflex - in sitting, the arm extends on the side to which the child falls as a saving mechanism
What is the parachute reflex?
Postural reflex - when suspended face down, the arms extend as though to save themselves
What are the thought processes of pre-school infants?
They are the centre of the world
Inanimate objects are alive and have feelings and motives
Events have a magical element
Everything has a purpose
What are the thought processes of middle-school children?
Practical and orderly, tied to immediate circumstances and specific experiences. This has been called operational thought.
What are the thought processes of mid-teens?
Formal operational thought, the ability for abstract reasoning, testing hypotheses and manipulating abstract concepts
What is the gross motor development in the newborn?
Limbs flexed, symmetrical posture.
Marked head lag on pulling up
What is the gross motor development at 6-8 months?
Raises head to 45 degrees in prone
Sits without support
- at 6 months: with round back
- at 8 months: with straight back
What is the gross motor development at 8-9 months?
Crawling
What is the gross motor development at 10 months
Cruises around furniture
What is the gross motor development at 12 months?
Walks unsteadily
Broad gait, hands apart
What is the gross motor development at 15 months?
Walks steadily
What is the vision and fine motor development at 6 weeks?
Follows moving object or face by turning the head
What is the vision and fine motor development at 4 months?
Reaches out for toys
4-6 months: palmar grasp
What is the vision and fine motor development at 7 months?
Transfers toys from one hand to another
What is the vision and fine motor development at 10 months?
Mature pincer grip
What is the vision and fine motor development at 16-18 months?
Makes marks with a crayon
What is the vision and fine motor development at 14 months - 4 years in relation to blocks?
18 months: tower of three 2 years: tower of six 2 and a half years: tower of eight 3 years: bridge (from a model) 4 years: steps (after demonstration)
What is the vision and fine motor development between 2 and 5 years regarding the ability to draw?
2 years: line 3 years: circle 3 1/2 years: cross 4 years: square 5 years: triangle
What is the hearing, speech and language development in newborns?
Startles to loud noise
What is the hearing, speech and language development at 3-4 months?
Vocalises alone or when spoken to, coos and laughs
What is the hearing, speech and language development at 7 months?
Turns to soft sounds out of sight
What is the hearing, speech and language development at 7-10 months?
7 months: sounds used indiscriminately
10 months: sounds used discriminately to parents
What is the hearing, speech and language development at 12 months?
Two to three words other than mama and dada
What is the hearing, speech and language development at 18 months?
6-10 words, shows two parts of the body
What is the hearing, speech and language development at 20-24 months?
Uses two or more words to make simple phrases
What is the hearing, speech and language development at 2 1/2 - 3 years?
Talks constantly in 3-4 word sentences
What is the social, emotional and behavioural development at 6 weeks?
Smiles responsively
What is the social, emotional and behavioural development at 6-8 months?
Puts food in mouth
What is the social, emotional and behavioural development at 10-12 months?
Waves bye-bye, plays peek-a-boo
What is the social, emotional and behavioural development at 12 months?
Drinks from a cup with two hands
What is the social emotional and behavioural development at 18 months?
Holds spoon and gets food safely to mouth
What is the social, emotional and behavioural development at 18-24 months?
Symbolic play
What is the social, emotional and behavioural development at 2 years?
No wetting themselves during the day, can pull off some clothing
What is the social emotional and behavioural development at 2.5-3 years?
Parallel play, interactive play evolving, takes turns
What are the gross motor development limit ages?
4 months: head control
9 months: sits unsupported
12 months: stands independently
18 months: walks independently
What are the vision and fine motor development limit ages?
3 months: fixes and follows visually
6 months: reaches for objects
9 months: transfers
12 months: pincer grip
What are the hearing, speech and language development limit ages?
7 months: polysyllabic babble 10 months: consonant babble 18 months: saying 6 words with meaning 2 years: joins words 2.5 years: 3 word sentences
What are the social, emotional and behavioural development limit ages?
8 weeks: smiles 10 months: fear of strangers 18 months: feeds self/spoon 2-2.5 years: symbolic play 3-3.5 years: interactive play
What areas of development is it most important to ask about in children under 18 months?
Gross motor abilities, acquisition of vision and hearing skills, followed by questions about hand skills
What areas of development is it most important to ask about in children between 18 months and 2.5 years?
Acquisition of speech and language and fine motor (hand) skills with only later and brief questioning about gross motor development
What areas of development is it most important to ask about in children between 2.5 and 3.5 years?
Speech and language and social, emotional and behaviour development
What are the developmental screening tests?
The schedule of growing skills
The Denver Developmental Screening Test
What is developmental screening?
Checks of whole populations or groups of children at set ages by trained professionals
What is developmental assessment?
Detailed analysis of overall development or specific areas of development
What investigations are used in the regular hearing screening programme?
Evoked otoacoustic emission (EOAE)
Auditory brainstem response (ABR)
