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Normal Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology > Normal Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Normal Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The pulmonary circulatory system is associated with which side of the heart?

A

The Right Heart

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2
Q

Deoxygenated blood returns to the right heart via _____

A

The venous system

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3
Q

What is the normal O2 sat for the right heart?

A

75%

The right heart is a low pressure, low resistance, low oxygen saturation system.

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4
Q

The systemic circulatory is associated with which side of the heart?

A

The left heart

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5
Q

What is the normal O2 sat for the left heart?

A

98%

The left heart is a high pressure, high resistance, high O2 sat system.

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6
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

Front of the body

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7
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

Back of the body

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8
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline

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9
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline

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10
Q

Inferior (diaphragmatic)

A

toward the patient’s feet, below, or lower

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11
Q

Superior (basal)

A

toward the head, higher, or above

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12
Q

Proximal

A

near the origin

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13
Q

Distal

A

away from the origin

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14
Q

The heart is encased within the ________

A

Pericardium

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15
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

A fluid filled sac that covers the heart and helps protect it against infection and trauma.

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16
Q

The outer layer of the pericardium is known as ______

A

The fibrous pericardium

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17
Q

The inner layer of the pericardium is known as _______

A

The serous pericardium

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18
Q

What are the two layers of the serous pericardium?

A

The parietal layer and the visceral layer

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19
Q

The parietal layer lines the inside of the _______

A

Fibrous pericardium

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20
Q

The visceral pericardium is also known as ______

A

Epicardium, the outermost layer of the heart wall.

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21
Q

What lies between the visceral and parietal layers and contains a clear fluid that is released by the serous membrane?

A

The pericardial space

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22
Q

The pericardial space normally contains how many milliliters of fluid?

A

10-30 ml

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23
Q

What are the 3 layers the heart wall consists of?

A

Epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

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24
Q

The _______ is the outermost layer of the heart wall.

A

Epicardium
It covers the surface of the heart and extends to the great vessels. The epicardium is also the visceral layer of the serous pericardium.

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25
Q

The ______ is the center layer of the heart wall and is composed of thick muscular tissue.

A

Myocardium

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26
Q

What layer is the major pumping mechanism of the heart?

A

Myocardium

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27
Q

The myocardium is composed of striated muscle fibrils with contractile elements called what?

A

The myofibrils

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28
Q

The ______ is a thin layer of the endothelium and underlying connective tissue.

A

The endocardium

It lines the inner chambers of the heart, valves, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles.

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29
Q

What are the great arteries?

A

The Aorta and the Main Pulmonary Artery

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30
Q

What is the tough, fibrous ring that surrounds the superior edge of the valvular leaflets and anchors them between the atria and the ventricle.

A

The annulus fibrosus

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31
Q

What type of tissue makes up the leaflets?

A

Valvular

32
Q

What do the leaflets attach to?

A

Chordae tendineae

33
Q

What do the chordae tendineae attach to?

A

Papillary Muscles

34
Q

The papillary muscles anchor the ______ to the ventricular walls.

A

AV valve apparatus

35
Q

What is at the junction of the IVC and the right atrium?

A

The eustachian valve

36
Q

What is the normal diastolic IVC diameter?

A

1.2-2.3 cm

37
Q

What is a web-like structure that is an embryonic remnant and may be visualized in the RA in close proximity to the IVC?

A

Chiari network

38
Q

What is located along the posterior atrioventricular groove behind the left atrium?

A

Coronary Sinus

39
Q

What has the lowest O2 sat in the body and is approximately 60%?

A

Coronary Sinus

40
Q

What is located between the CS and the right atrium?

A

Thebesian Valve

41
Q

What are the small nodules in the center of the free edge of each coronary cusp that ensures complete closure of the valve?

A

Nodules of Arantius

42
Q

Approximately what % of the population has a right dominate coronary artery system?

A

85%

43
Q

Approximately what % of the population has a left dominate coronary artery system?

A

8%

44
Q

Approximately what % of the population is co-dominant?

A

7%

45
Q

What is the area between the left subclavian artery and the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

Aortic isthmus

This area is prone to aortic dissections, particularly those caused by deceleration injuries.

46
Q

What is the volume of blood ejected with each heart beat?

A

Stroke Volume

47
Q

What is the normal resting SV?

A

70-100 ml

48
Q

What is the equation for SV?

A

SV=EDV-ESV

End Diastolic Volume- End Systolic Volume

49
Q

What do the combination of stroke volume and heart rate determine?

A

Cardiac Output

50
Q

CO is the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle each ______

A

minute

51
Q

What is the normal resting value for CO?

A

4-8 l/min

52
Q

SV x HR=

A

CO

53
Q

What is the normal CI?

A

3-4 l/min 2

54
Q

What does the Frank-Starling Law (Length-Tension Relationship) state?

A

The more blood that enters the ventricle during diastole (preload) the greater the force of the contraction (systole) required to eject the blood.

55
Q

What does the Interval-Strength Relationship state?

A

The longer the interval between heartbeats, the stronger the contraction required to eject the blood.

56
Q

What is the resistance that the heart must pump against?

A

Afterload

57
Q

Inspiration ______ venous return, stroke volume, and cardiac output.

A

Increases

58
Q

Expiration ______ venous return, stroke volume, and cardiac output.

A

Decreases

59
Q

Squatting ______ venous return, stroke volume, and cardiac output.

A

Increases

60
Q

Standing ______ venous return, stroke volume, and cardiac output.

A

Decreases

61
Q

What is the primary pacemaker of the heart?

A

SA node

62
Q

What is located at the border of the superior vena cava and right atrium?

A

SA node

63
Q

The SA node pace=bpm

A

60-100 bpm

64
Q

The AV node rate= bpm

A

40-60 bpm

65
Q

The Purkinje fibers rate= bpm

A

20-40 bpm

66
Q

The atria communicate with each other via the _____

A

Interatrial tract (Bachmann’s Bundle)

67
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

At the floor of the right atrium

68
Q

What serves as a gate to delay electrical conduction?

A

AV node

69
Q

Where is the Bundle of His located?

A

Interventricular Septum

70
Q

Amyl Nitrite _____ venous return, stroke volume, and cardiac output.

A

Increases

71
Q

Valsalva bearing down ______ venous return, stroke volume, and cardiac output.

A

Decreases

72
Q

Valsalva release phase- ______ venous return, stroke volume, and cardiac output.

A

Increases

73
Q

The mitral valve closes at the ______ wave.

A

R Wave on the QRS complex

74
Q

What is the normal range for fractional shortening?

A

28-41%

75
Q

What is the normal EPSS range?

A

Normal range is 2-7 mm

76
Q

The left main coronary artery divides into the

A

LAD and LCA

Left anterior descending and left circumflex

77
Q

The right coronary artery (RCA) divides into the

A

AM and PDA

Acute marginal artery and Posterior descending artery

Normal Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology (1 decks)

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