Normal Body Systems

Question 1

What is blood composed of?

Answer 1

Plasma, Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Platlets

Question 2

What are the 5 types of leukocytes?

Answer 2

~ Neutrophils
~ Eosinophil
~ Basophil
~ Lymphocyte
~ Monocyte

Question 3

What is it called when multiple uninucleated cells merge to form multinucleated cells?

Answer 3

Syncytium

Question 4

Name the 3 types of muscle tissue.

Answer 4

Cardiac, smooth and skeletal

Question 5

What are the functions of erythrocytes?

Answer 5

~ Transport respiratory gases

Question 6

What are the ganulocytes and agranulocytes?

Answer 6

Granulocyute ~ Neutrophils; Basophils; Eosinophils

Agranulocytes ~ Monocytes; Lymphocytes

Question 7

What are haematopoietic tissue and what are the types?

Answer 7

Tissue that actively or potentially produce blood cells

Myeloid ~ bone marrow; all other blood cells

Lymphoid - lymphatic system; lymphocytes and NKC

Question 8

Give a key feature of each Leukocyte.

Answer 8

Neutrophils ~ 2-5 lobes; granulated
Basophils ~ 2-3 lobes; dark granules
Eosinophils ~ bilobed
Monocyte ~ large nucleus kidney shaped
Lymphocyte ~ thin rim of cytoplasm

Question 9

What is the function of muscle?

Answer 9

~ maintain and change posture
~ locomotion
~ movement of internal organs

Question 10

What type of protein is: i) myosin ii) actin ?

Answer 10

i) Thick fibrillar
ii) Thin globular

Question 11

Describe the sliding filament theory on a molecular level.

Answer 11

1) ATP binds to myosin head and is converted into ADP + Pi cocking the head.

2) Myosin is attatched to ADP and Pi, Ca2+ binds to troponin which displaces tropomyosin and exposes myosin binding sites.

3) Myosin binds to actin filament and ADP and Pi dissociate from myosin head causing powerstroke.

4) ATP binds to myosin head resulting in detatchment of myosin from actin. ATP converted into ADP + Pi and myosin in recocked ready to perform another power stroke.

Question 12

What are the layers of the skin?

Answer 12

Epidermis - upper layer, physical barrier from environment

Dermis - second layer, contains mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, lymphatic vessels, blood vessels and different glands

Hypodermis - subcutaneous tissue, larger blood vessels and nerves; main function is fat storage

Question 13

Name and describe epithelial cell classification.

Answer 13

Simple - one cell thick
Stratified - many cells thick
Pseudostratified - appears many cells thick but all cells attatched to basal membrane

Squamous - squashed cells
Cuboidal - Cube shape
Columnar - column-like

Question 14

What is meant by primary and secondary lymphoid tissue?

Answer 14

Primary - lympoid cells are produced, no immune activity

Secondary - where mature lymphocytes are activated

Question 15

Give two examples of both primary and secondary lymphoid tissue.

Answer 15

Primary - Bone marrow; Thymus

Secondary - Lymph nodes; Lymphatic vessels

Question 16

Describe the two types of immune responses.

Answer 16

Innate - rapid response; limited specificity; constant response

Adaptive - slow response; high specificity; improve during response

NOTE:
if innate repsonse stops infection adaptive response doesnt need to be activated

Question 17

What are the 3 features of the immediate immune response?

Answer 17

Barriers - physical and chemical

Antimicrobial peptides - kill pathogens

Complement system - plasma proteins that react in a cascade to opsinize pathogens and induce an inflammatory response

Question 18

What roles do cytokines play in an inflammatory response?

Answer 18

• Recruits/attracts more leukocytes
• Vasodilation of blood vessels
• Increased blood vessels permeabilty

Question 19

What are the 3 roles of anitbodies?

Answer 19

Neutralisation - prevent pathogen binding to

Opsonization - allow macrophage to bind to pathogen

Complement activation - promotes opsonisation

Question 20

Describe the complement system.

Answer 20

A group of 30 proteins that promote opsinisation via a cascade of enzymatic reactions

Question 21

How does the induced innate immune response work with bacteria?

Answer 21

• TLR4 binds to bacterial LPS promoting gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines via a signal transduction pathway
• Phagocytosis

Question 22

How does the induced innate immune response work with viruses?

Answer 22

• TLR7 detects ssRNA activating a transduction pathway promoting expression of genes coding for
  IFN-alpha and IFN-beta.
• Type 1 Interferons activate NK cells and proliferate NK cells which kills virus infected cells by apoptosis

Question 23

What are the 4 parts of the stomach?

Answer 23

• cardia
• fundus
• body
• pylorus

Question 24

What are the endocrine substances secreted by the pancreas, and their respective cells?

Answer 24

β cells - secrete insulin
⍺ cells -secrete glucagon
δ cells - secrete somatostatin which inhibits other endocrine secretion

Question 25

What are the functions of the kidney?

Answer 25

- homeostatic regulation of water and ions - excretion of metabolic waste - filtration - production of hormones

Question 26

What are the 4 processes of the nephron?

Answer 26

- filtration - reabsorbtion - secretion - excretion

Question 27

What cells produce testosterone?

Answer 27

- Leydig cells

Question 28

Give an example of a weak androgen and where it is produced.

Answer 28

- DHEA produced in the adrenal cortex and is present in both male and female NOTE: steroid hormones are derived from cholestersol

Question 29

Actions of testosterone?

Answer 29

- increased body hair growth - enlargement and thickening of larynx - thickening of skin - muscle growth - thickening and strengthing of bones

Question 30

Actions of estrogens?

Answer 30

- development and regulation of other hormones and sex characteristics - maturation of germ cells - anabolic effects on bones and cartilage - thickening of uterus lining

Question 31

Describe the structure of a sarcomere.

Answer 31

- A band is length of thick myosin filament - I band is region of just thin actin - M line is middle of sarcomere - H zone is region of just myosin - Z disc end of each sarcomere

Question 32

What are the 2 types of smooth muscle?

Answer 32

Vascular - arteries, veins, lymphatic vessels Visceral - GI tract, airways etc Smooth muscles are spindle-shaped

Question 33

What is the mechanism of smooth muscle contraction?

Answer 33

1) L-type Ca2+ voltage-gated channels open, influx of calcium ions 2) Ca2+ stimulates release of Ca2+ from sarcoplamic reticulum via Ryanodine receptors (RYR) 3) Ca2+ forms complex w/ calmodulin which activates Myosin Light Chain Kinase (MLCK) 4) MLCK phosphorylates myosin head which stimulates muscular contraction

Question 34

What is epithelial tissue and what is its function?

Answer 34

- tissue covering external surfaces of the body and lining hollow structure inside the body (EXCEPT blood and lymphatic vessels) - absorption - defence/protection - secretion - sensation - exchange/communication