Normal Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
CV Anatomy, Intro to Physiology, Organization of Heart, BP Regulation, Cardiac Electrophysiology, E/C Coupling
Heart location and position
Middle mediastinum with 1/3 mass to the right of midline and with long axis directed from right shoulder to left hip
Thymus location and age at maximum size
Superior mediastinum, age 2
CC: persistent left SVC
Absence of right SVC, which should be formed by brachiocephalic (innominate) veins joining from both sides.
In persistent L SVC, instead of becoming single large vein, L brachiocephalic vein connects independently to the coronary sinus.
Layers of pericardium
Visceral pericardium (epicardium, inner layer) overlies heart and proximal great vessels; parietal pericardium, inferior = adheres to middle of diaphragm, lateral and anterior = contiguous with pleura
Radiographic borders
On AP, right = SVC and RA, inferior = RV, left = apex, LV, LAA, superior = pulmonary trunk & left PA
CC: RV hypertrophy (clinical findings)
Particularly in children; prominence of left anterior chest, palpable thrust and heave over precordium (because RV is most anterior part of heart)
CC: LV hypertrophy (clinical findings)
PMI displaced downwards and outwards
RCA location, branches & supplies ____.
RA/RV atrioventricular groove;
1) Acute marginal branch that supplies RV.
2) R posterior “interventricular” descending branch/RPDA sits in posterior interventricular groove & supplies RV, AV node, LV wall.
3) R atrial branch ascends along RA/under RAA, wraps around upper part of atrial septum/SVC and reemerges as the nodal artery to SA node (superior venal caval branch).
LCA location, branches & supplies ____.
Runs under pulmonary trunk;
1) L anterior descending (LAD) runs in anterior interventricular groove to apex + ascends into posterior IV groove (first diagonal branch supplies anterior wall & first septal perforator supplies muscular septum).
2) L circumflex (LCX) runs in L atrioventricular groove (obtuse marginal branch supplies LV lateral wall).
Sulcus terminalis
Shallow sulcus between SVC and posterior RA, location of SA node
Coronary sinus
Venous channel where cardiac veins enter, on posterior L atrioventricular groove -> drains to RA
Apex formed by ____.
Entirely by the LV (because posterior and anterior interventricular grooves meet in continuity to RIGHT of the cardiac apex).
Crux
Junction point of coronary sulcus and posterior interventricular sulcus, where all 4 chambers intersect
Ascending aorta location and branching
Intrapericardial is to the right of pulmonary trunk and covered by RAA, “normally” branches to brachiocephalic (innominate) artery on right, left common carotid, left subclavian.
Pulmonary vein configurations
RPV = 2-3, LPV = (1-)2 because may enter LA by common stem
