Normal Anatomy Flashcards
(175 cards)
1
Q
What do the kidneys filter?
A
Blood
2
Q
What do kidneys make?
A
Urine
3
Q
How many kidneys do we have?
A
2
4
Q
Each kidney is as big as
A
Your fist
5
Q
How long are ureters?
A
25 cm in length
6
Q
What carries urine from your kidneys to your bladder?
A
Ureters
7
Q
Where is the ureters located?
A
In the retroperitoneal cavity
8
Q
Renal pelvis lies within
A
The hilum of the kidney
9
Q
The ureter courses along the
A
Lateral wall of the pelvis
10
Q
Ueteropelvic junction UPJ
A
Area that connects the renal pelvis (part of the kidney) to one of the tubes (ureters) that move urine to the bladder
11
Q
Utererovesicle junction UVJ
A
The site of entry of the ureter into the bladder
12
Q
Bladder
A
Large muscular bag
13
Q
The urinate bladder has a
A
Posterior and lateral openings (for ureters and anterior openings for the urethra)
14
Q
Urinary bladder is lined with
A
Highly elastic transitional epithelium
15
Q
When the bladder is full it is
A
Smooth and stretched
16
Q
When the bladder is empty it is
A
A series of folds
17
Q
how much of urine can the bladder hold?
A
2 cups of urine
18
Q
urethra
A
this tube carries urine from the bladder out of your body
19
Q
where does the urethra end
A
it ends in an opening to the outside of your body in the penis (in men) or in front of the vagina (in women)
20
Q
what is the function of the kidneys
A
to excrete urine
21
Q
what do the kidneys clean?
A
clean toxins and waste out of the body
22
Q
how much blood does the kidneys filter
A
about half a cup of blood every minute
23
Q
blood flows into your kidney through a
A
large blood vessel called renal artery
24
Q
tiny blood vessels in the kidney
A
filter the blood
25
the substance your body needs flow through
the renal vein and return to your bloodstream
26
urine travels through
tubes of muscle called ureters to your bladder
27
your bladder stores urine until
you release it through urination
28
homeostasis
helps the body maintain a stable internal environment
29
kidneys are one of the
major homeostatic organs of the body
30
kidneys control
water pH, secrete erythropoietin and activate vitamin D production in the skin
31
kidneys are composed of three section
- the outer (renal) cortex
- the hollow inner (renal) pelvis
- the (renal) medulla (middle part)
32
the cortex
is where the blood is filtered
33
the medulla
contains the collecting ducts which carry filtrate (filtered substances) to the pelvis
34
Medullary pyramids are
separated by bands of intervening parenchyma that extend toward the renal sinus
35
the pelvis
is a hollow cavity where urine accumulates and drains into the water
36
the filtering units of the kidneys are
the nephrons
37
how many nephrons are in each kidney
one million
38
where are the nephrons located
within the cortex and medulla of each kidney
39
what are the 4 tasks nephrons perform
- filtration
- reabsorption
- secretion
- excretion
40
each nephron consists of what parts
- glomerulus
- bowmans capsule
- loop of Henle
- afferent arteriole
- efferent arteriole
- collecting duct
41
the nephrons are in the
renal parenchyma
42
what are nephrons two main structures
- renal corpuscle
- renal tubule
43
nephrons filter
the blood and produce urine
44
where is blood filtered
in the renal corpuscle
45
where does the filtered fluid pass through
renal tubule
46
as the filtrate moves through the tubule
substances needed by the body are returned to the blood via efferent arteriole
47
waste products access
water and other substances not needed by the body pass into the collecting duct as urine
48
dirty blood comes in from
the renal artery and moves to the afferent arteriole
49
blood then travels into the
glomerulus where filtration occurs (renal corpuscle)
50
clean blood exits via
efferent arterioles and flows into the renal vein to go back into the bloodstream
51
other blood wastes that the body doesnt need
continue to become urine (through the renal tubules)
52
renal corpuscle contains
glomerulus and bowman's capsule
53
were does filtration happen
within the renal corpuscle
54
what are the structures within the renal corpuscle
- glomerulus
-renal capsule
55
glomerulus
a little knot of capillaries
56
renal capsule (bowman's capsule)
wraps around the glomerulus
57
the fluid that has been filtered out out of the blood is called
filtrate
58
the renal corpuscle is the
first part of the nephron and serves as the bridge between the vasculature and urinary system
59
renal tubule contains
proximal convoluted tubule loop of Henle distal convoluted tubule collecting duct
60
after the renal corpuscle filters the blood where does it get sent to
sends the filtrate to the renal tubule, the second part of the nephron
61
the filtrate that is caught in Bowman's capsule is then
funneled into the renal tunule
61
the filtrate that is caught in Bowman's capsule is then
funneled into the renal tubule
62
what are the four main regions that make up renal tubule
- proximal convoluted
- loop of Henle
- distal convoluted tubule
- collecting duct
63
proximal convoluted tubule
this part of the tubule comes directly off Bowman's capsule
64
loop of Henle
the proximal convoluted tubule leads into the loop of Henle
65
distal convoluted tubule
the loop of Henle leads into the distal convoluted tubule
66
the glomerulus filters
water and small solutes out of the bloodstream
67
the resulting filtrate contains
waste, but also other substances the body needs: essential ions, glucose, amino acids and smaller proteins
68
the needed substances and some water are
reabsorbed through the tube wall into the efferent arteriole and into the bloodstream
69
when the unneeded waste (or filtrate)
it flows into a duct in the nephron called renal tubule
70
this reabsorption of vital nutrients
from the filtrate is the second step in urine creation
71
waste ions and hydrogen ions secreted from
the blood complete the formation of urine
72
the filtrate absorbed in the
glomerulus flows through the renal tubule, where nutrients and water are resorbed into the capillaries
73
the secreted ions combine with
the remaining filtrate and become urine
74
where does urine flow out of
the nephron tubule into a collecting duct
75
urine passes through the
renal pelvis, into the ureter, and down to the bladder
76
the glomerulus
an area of thin-walled capillaries
77
the Bowman's capsule
is a double-walled, cup-shaped structure
78
the proximal tubule
leads from the Bowman's capsule to the loop of Henle
79
the loop of Henle
is a long loop which extends into the medulla
80
the distal tubule
connects the loop of Henle to the collecting duct
81
what cellular waste does the kidneys excrete
- urea
- uric acid
- creatinine
82
urea
a nitrogenous waste produced in the liver from the breakdown of protein.
83
what is the main component of urine
urea
84
uric acid
usually produced from breakdown of DNA or RNA
85
creatinine
waste product of muscle action
86
since the kidneys control what leaves and what remains in the nephrons,
they maintain the levels of water, ions, and other materials nearly constant and within the limits to maintain homeostasis
87
what supplies the kidney
the main renal artery
88
when a person is resting how much blood is pumped to the kidneys
approximately 1.2 liters of blood per minute
89
the renal arteries are
lateral branches of the aorta that are located just inferior to the SMA
90
the renal artery breaks down
into smaller segmental arteries, the interlobar arteries and finally into tiny arcuate arteries
91
the renal artery breaks down into
- segmental arteries
- interlobar arteries
- arcuate arteries
92
how many veins join to form the renal vein
5 to 6
93
renal vein emerges
from the renal hilum anterior to the renal artery
94
the left renal vein course
transversely across the body going anterior to the aorta and posterior to the SMA
95
urinalysis
essential to detect urinary tract disorders
96
hematuria
blood in urine
97
pyuria
pus in urine
98
serum creatinine
a serum creatinine blood test measures the amount of creatinine in your blood
99
if your kidneys are not working like they should
your serum creatinine level goes up
100
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
this test measures the amount of urea nitrogen in your blood
101
urea nitrogen
is a waste product your body makes from the breakdown of protein in the foods you eat
102
hematocrit
relative ratio of plasma to packed cell volume in the blood
103
decreased hematocrit occurs
with acute hemorrhagic process secondary to disease and blunt trauma
104
hemoglobin
this is present in urine whenever extensive damage or destruction of the functioning erythrocytes occur
105
how are kidneys imagined
in a supine or decub position
106
why does the right kidney lies slightly lower than the left kidney
because the large right lobe of the liver pushes it inferiorly
107
what color and shape is the kidney?
-dark red
- bean-shaped organs
108
how long is the kidney
- 9 to 12 cm long
- 5 cm wide
- 2.5 cm thick
109
how many times is the kidney measured
twice in sagittal and once in transverse
110
normal kidneys have a
smooth outer contours surrounded by reflected echoes of perirenal fat
111
the renal parenchyma surrounds
the fatty central renal sinus
112
what does the renal sinus contains
- calyces
- infundibula
- pelvis
- vessels
- lymphatics
113
because of the fat interface
the renal sinus is imaged as an area of intense echoes with variable contours
114
outer cortex is
darker than the inner medulla because of increased blood perfusion
115
inner surface of the medulla is
folded into projections called pyramids
116
where the renal vessels and ureter enter and exit
renal hilum
117
hypoechoic pyramids are
separated by bands of intervening parenchyma that extend toward the renal sinus
118
pyramids are
uniform in size, shape (triangular) and distribution
119
apex of the pyramid points toward
the sinus
120
base lies adjacent to the
renal cortex
121
interlobar arteries lie
alongside the pyramids
122
arcuate vessels lie
at the base of the pyramids
123
renal fascia
is a layer of connective tissue encapsulating the kidneys
124
what is renal fascia also known as
gerota's fascia
125
parenchyma of renal cortex
lies beneath the renal capsule
126
anterior to the right kidney
- right adrenal gland and liver
- morison's pouch
- second part of the duodenum
- right colic flexure
127
morison's pouch
area between the liver and right kidney
128
what is the most common cause for fluid accumulation in the abdomen
morison's pouch
129
anterior to the left kidney
- left adrenal gland
- spleen, stomach and pancreas
- left colic flexure
- coils of jejunum
130
posterior to the right kidney
-diaphragm
- costodiaphragmatic recess of the pleura
- 12th rib
- psoas muscle
- quadratus lumborum
- transverse abdominis muscles
131
column of bertin
prominent invaginations of the cortex at varying depths within the medullary substance of the kidneys
132
sonographic findings of column of bertin
- renal mass effect produced by hypertrophied column of bertin
- contiguity with the renal cortex is evident, and overall echogenicity is the like that of the renal parenchyma
133
dromedary hump
is a budge of cortical tissue on the lateral surface of a kidney
134
dromedary hump is more common in the
left kidney
135
dromedary hump may mimic
a renal neoplasm
136
junctional parenchymal defect
is a triangular, echogenic are typically located anteriorly and superiorly
137
junctional parenchymal defect is a result
of partial fusion of two parenchymal masses called ranunculi during normal development
138
fetal lobulation usually is present in
children up to 5 years of age
139
with fetal lobulation surfaces of the kidneys are generally
indented in between the calyces, giving the kidneys a slightly lobulated appearance
140
sinus lipomatosis is characterized by
the deposition of a moderate amount of fat in the renal sinus, with parenchymal atrophy
141
sonographic findings of extrarenal pelvis
pelvis appears as a central cystic area that is either partially or entirely beyond the confines of the bulk of the renal substance
142
extrarenal pelvis can usually
decompress when patient is turned in prone position
143
extrarenal pelvis
dilated renal pelvis
144
renal agenesis
absence of a kidney or failure for a kidney to form
145
renal agenesis may be
bilateral or unilateral
146
unilateral renal agenesis results in
solitary kidney
147
bilateral renal agenesis is a very
rare and is incompatible with life
148
double collecting system
a rare renal anomaly with a duplication of the renal pelvis and ureter
149
horseshoe kidney
as fusion of the lower poles of the kidney
150
what is the common anomaly of renal fusion
horseshoe kidney
151
ectopic kidney
a kidney that is not located in its usual position
152
what is the most common ectopic kidney
pelvic kidney
153
what should not be misdiagnosed as a pelvic tumor
pelvic kidney
154
if there is an absence of a kidney in the normal renal fossa
sonographer must look in the pelvis to rule an ectopic kidney
155
renal masses categorized with sonography as
-cystic
- solid
- complex
156
cystic mass
- smooth, thin, well-defined border
- round or oval shape
- sharp interface between the cyst and renal parenchyma
- no internal echoes (anechoic)
- increased posterior acoustic enhancement
157
solid mass
- irregular borders
- poorly defined interface between the mass and kidney
- low-level internal echoes
- weak posterior border (because of the increased attenuation of the mass)
- poor though-transmission
158
complex mass shows characteristics associated
with both cystic and solid lesions
159
complex mass has areas of
necrosis, hemorrhage, abscess or calcification within the mass
160
the Bosniak classification of cysts is
used to determine the appropriate work-up for a cystic mass
161
needle aspiration may be recommended to obtain
fluid from the lesion to evaluate its internal composition
162
the Bosniak classification is
widely used by radiologist and urologist for addressing the clinical problem assessing renal cyst
163
what is a common form of ureteral stricture
ureteral narrowing as a result of fibrosis is a
164
ureterocele
cyst like enlargement of the lower end of the ureter
165
what is ureterocele caused by
congenital or acquired stenosis of the distal end of the ureter
166
cystoscopy
a procedure that uses a tube to examine the bladder and the urethra
167
what is cystoscopy usually used for
used to examine the bladder because it can diagnose early neoplasms
168
transabdominal sonography will allow
visualization of the most lesions greater then 5mm
169
TGC is adjusted to
reduce anterior wall artifacts
170
how do you measure the bladder wall
measure anterior wall in transverse
171
bladder wall should be
172
what is the bladder wall measurement
3 to 6 mm
173
what do you look for in bladder walls
asymmetry in the walls
174
what do you evaluate in the bladder
residual volume
