normal/abnormal A&P Flashcards
muscles of the VP
levator veli palatini-velar elevation “sling”
superior pharyngeal constrictor-constricts pharyngeal walls to narrow vp against
palatopharyngeus-narrow pharynx;elevates/lowers velum
musculus uvulae-bulges for seal on nasal surface
tensor veli palatini-opens E-tubes
VP motor innervation
trigeminal (V), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), Accessory (XI)
VP sensory innervation
vagus (X), glossopharyngeal (IX)
what are the physiological subsystems for speech?
respiration, phonation, resonation, articulation, prosody
physilogy of VP
velum, lateral & posterior pharyngeal wall mvmt, & passavant’s ridge
what is passavants ridge?
shelf like ridge of muscle projecting from posterior pharyngeal wall into pharynx
VP closure variations for normal speakers
coronal, sagittal, circular, circular w/ passavant’s ridge
VP type of activity (used for)
speech, swallow, gag, vomit
VP timing
VP must be completely closed before phonation begins
VP has greatest force on what 2 phonemes?
fricatives & consonants & coarticulated sounds
VP rate & fatigue
inc speech rate & fatigue= dec closure & force
factors that affect VP function
lack of m. bulk (levator) abnormal m. insertion malposition of repaired m. scar tissue (velum) less faucial pillar pressure short velum deep pharynx
facial bones continue growth into early adulthood T/F
True
size of pharynx infancy & adult
infancy>adult=+80% volume
VP fxn does not deteriorate as a factor of aging T/F
True
what is cleft?
abnormal opening in an anatomical structure that is typically closed
failure to fuse at midline
all structures are present but not fused or developed normally
causes of cleft
embryologic under development
-cell migraation delay
-cell disruption
chromosomal disorders
genetic disorders
maternal factors: older age, utero factors, maternal malnutrition
environmental teratogens: cigarette smoke, dilantin, valium
classification of clefts
normal and complete
incomplete and bilateral
soft & hard palate cleft
complete & bilateral palatal cleft
primary palate
lip and alveolus
complete and incomplete
secondary palate
hard palate and velum
with or without cleft lip
types of submucous cleft palate
overt & occult
overt
ID thru intraoral exam
bifid uvula; zona pellucida; posterior hard palate notch
occult
hidden on nasal surface via nasoendoscopy
types of facial clefts
oblique and midline
oblique
unilateral or bilateral; affects skeletal and soft tissue; begins at mouth>lateral, horizontal, upward (extreme disfigurement)
midline
mild, cause cranial base anomalies, is associated with other midline anomalies
cranial base anomalies
encephalocele and absent corpus callosum
other midline anomalies
bifid nose, frontonasal dysplasia, hypertelorism, holoprosencephaly
