Norm Rad - Midterm Flashcards by S S

The central ray beam comes out in what shape?

Cone Shape

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What is part position?

The position of the body part being exposed to the beam.

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What is meant by postural attitude?

The patient position. Ex: recumbent, seated, standing.

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In case of extreme obesity what positioning is best and why?

Recumbent to displace adipose tissue.

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What is the tube?

The portion of the machine where X-Ray radiation is produced and directed towards the patient.

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What is tube tilt and do you do it for every film?

The angle of the X-Ray machine tube. Yes

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What is an aka for Tube/Film Distance? What does it mean?

Focal/Film Distance

- the distance between the tube and the film. Most @ 40 inches

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What is the portion of the x-ray machine which houses the grid and the cassette called?

The Bucky

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What is the purpose of the Cassette?

Allows unexposed film to be in a lighted room unaffected.

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What is known as the mechanism inside the tube utilized to limit the exposure field?

Collimation

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What is the terminology used to describe towards the head or I-S?

Cephalad

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What does Caudal mean?

Towards the feet or S-I

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What does the single letter marker do?

It is a single letter that indicates the patient’s appropriate side of the body that is closest to the film during exposure.

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What does RAO stand for?

Right anterior oblique

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Describe the correct placement of the Markers

never obstruct any anatomical structure with the marker
carefully place markers so that they are not collimated out of the exposed area of the film
do not place markers in the area of the nameplate.

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What are the name of the markers that have a mercury ball inside a small dome or bubble?

Mitchell markers

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What happens to the ball in the Mitchell markers when the bucky is upright?

The balls will be located at the bottom of the dome.

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When the balls are centrally located where is the bucky?

Centrally located.

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What is the patient position for a Lateral Cervical view?

Patient’s coronal plane is perpendicular to the bucky.

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Do you want to shoot into concavity or convexity for a scoliosis? Why

Concavity

- because of the crash and scatter phenomenon

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What does the lateral cervical view demonstrate?

Body heights and widths
Disc height
Cervical curvature 
ADI 
Sella Turcica 
Prevertebral soft tissue 
Airways

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What should the ADI for adults be? Children?

Adults: less than 3mm
Kid: less than 5mm

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What does ADI stand for and what are its boundaries?

Atlanto dental interval - space from the back of the anterior tubercle to the front of the odontoid process.

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What is the AP normal range of the sella turcica in the lateral cervical view? The SI normal range?

Normal: 5-16mm
Average: 11 mm

Normal: 4-12 mm
Average: 8 mm

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What interspace is found at C1-3 levels?

Retropharyngeal Interspace

The retrotracheal interspace is located at what vertebral levels?

C4-5

What interspace is at C6-7

Retrotracheal

What is an aka for a lower cervical view?

Anteroposterior cervical view

What is the patient's position for a lower cervical view?

Patien'ts coronal plane is parallel to the bucky with midsaggital plane aligned with the vertical midline of the bucky.

What is the tube tilt for the lower cervical view? Why?

15 degrees cephalic because of the angle of the end plates.

What does the anteroposterior cervical view demonstrate?

joints of luschka, bony structures, soft tissue (trachea in the midline) air space (apex of the lungs)

Why are films in Chiropractic taken A-P but read P-A?

Doctor patient orientation

What are the different patient positioning options for a APOM view?

The patient's mouth is opened and the head is extended 15 degrees with the CR parallel to the floor OR the hard palate is parallel to the floor with the CR having a 15 degree cephalad tube tilt.

What does the APOM view demonstrate?

Atlas, axis, AO joint, AA joint

On an APOM view what arch will look like a frown and what one will look like a smile?

``` Anterior = frown Posterior = smile ```

T or F | There is no tube tilt with Flexion and Extension view

True

What is the patient position for cervical obliques?

Coronal plane is angled 45 degrees to the bucky

T or F | Tube tilt is caudal for anterior obliques and cephalad for posterior obliques

True

What does the Cervical oblique demonstrate?

IVFs

What does the anteroposterior thoracic view demonstrate?

Thoracic spine, ribs, lung fields, and sternum

What is the direction of the central ray for the lateral thoracic view?

L-R or R-L

T or F | The patients coronal plane is parallel to the bucky for a lateral thoracic view?

False! | Patient's coronal plane is perpendicular to the bucky

Does the lateral thoracic view have tube tilt?

T or F | The lateral thoracic view does not demonstrate the heart shadow?

False It does!

What is an aka for the lateral cervicothoracic?

Swimmers View

What is the direction of the CR for the cerviothoracic view?

Obliquely left to right or obliquely right to left.

What is patients position for the Swimmers view?

Coronal plane is rotated 10-20 degrees off of perpendicular to the bucky with the arm next to the bucky flexed and the arm next to the tub extended

What is tube tilt for swimmer's view?

Caudal 5 degrees

What is tube tilt for AP lumbar view?

None!

What structure is more medial to spinous in the AP lumbar view?

The inferior process of the vertebrae above

Name the structures from lateral to medial starting from the body in the AP lumbar view

Pedicle Pars Lamina Spinous

What is the tube tilt for the Lateral Lumbosacral?

None

What is the best film to view rib 12?

AP Lumbar

What is the best film to view rib 1

Lower cervical

Where is the last apophyseal joint found?

L5 & S1

What are the seven questions we need to ask ourselves when viewing any film?

``` Disc heights Disc widths Shade of white Smooth endplates Equal disc spaces No lipping/spurring No indentations ```

T or F | Tube tilt for lumbar obliques is Cephalad 5 degrees

False! No tube tilt

What does the lumbar oblique demonstrate?

Scotty dog to observe integrity of the pars interarticularis.

When viewing the lumbar oblique what side are you looking at?

The side that is parallel to the bucky

Does anteroposterior pelvis view have any tube tilt?

What does the AP pelvis view demonstrate?

Both nominates, sacrum, proximal femur heads, coccyx and soft tissue.

What does the AP sacrum view demonstrate?

Si joints, coccyx, and lumbosacral joints.

Describe the tube tilt for the AP sacrum

15 degrees cephalad - perpendicular to the sacrum

What is the tube tilt for the lateral sacrum view?

None!

What is the benefit of the 14 x 36 films?

Allows us to see the entire spine at one moment in time.