Nonverbal Communication

Question 0

What are the four types of nonverbal communication we cover in the lectures?

Answer 0

Body posture
Facial expressions
Gestures
Haptic (touch)

Question 1

What are the two features of nonverbal communication?

Answer 1

Encoding and decoding

Question 2

What kind of inferences do we make about communication in body posture?

Answer 2

We use our information about posture to infer a persons internal state, as signals to someone else. We can also infer our own internal state when we hold ourselves in a certain way

Question 3

Petty and Bringl (2009) looked at what in body posture?

Answer 3

Listing either 3 positive or negative personal traits relating to professional performance, confident posture over slump is seen as more of a sign of perceived positive future performance

Question 4

What was found in Petty and Bringl’s 2009 study on body posture?

Answer 4

In a doubtful posture photo group, no difference to how you regard future performance, with posture more positive assumptions made.

Question 5

What does posture have an effect on when making judgements about others?

Answer 5

It has an effect on our own perceived or assumed future performance

Question 6

Power poses: Carney, Cuddy, and Yap (2010) looked at:

Answer 6

Postures we hold send signals to ourselves; power pose vs low power pose against standing and sitting (DV testosterone and cortisol) high power poses increase testosterone and lowers cortisol (opposite is true for low power poses)

Question 7

Facial expressions, do what for our internal state?

Answer 7

When we encode them, others decode them as a predictor of our internal state

Question 8

Smiling has been found to share what across cultures?

Answer 8

Found to be a universal indicator of happiness, no difference among cultures

Question 9

Gunnery et al 2013 looked at what experiment with smiling?

Answer 9

Deliberate Duchenne smiles

Question 10

What were the results of Gunnery et al 2013 smiling study?

Answer 10

Participants who produce Duchenne smiles on demand were more persuasive in getting someone to drink an unpleasant (or pleasant) drink. When persuading someone not to drink it was a lower finding.

Question 11

What did LaFrance, Hecht and Paluck (2003) look at?

Answer 11

Gender differences in smiling: do women smile more than men?

Question 12

What groups smile more than others? (Hint gender/age)

Answer 12

Women and adolescent women more so than men and adolescent men. This varies among countries; Canada>US>Aus>UK

Question 13

What age groups smile more than others?

Answer 13

Adolescents, then young adults then older adults

Question 14

What ethnicities smile more than others?

Answer 14

Caucasians > African Americans

Question 15

Gestures incorporate what kinds of behaviours and indicate what about our internal state?

Answer 15

Separate from posture, mostly symbolic in that we usually have a reason and understanding about certain gestures

Question 16

Cessario and Higgins, 2008 looked at what in regards to gestures?

Answer 16

Can nonverbal gestures influence persuasiveness messages?

Question 17

What are the two points of regulatory focus mind sets?

Answer 17

Promotion focused (goals are hopes and aspirations)
Prevention focused (goals are duties and obligations)

Question 18

What is a regulatory fit?

Answer 18

When the strategies of a task match with a persons regulatory focus (promotion vs prevention)

Question 19

People who are promotion focused respond to what type of fit and people who are prevention focused respond to what type of fit?

Answer 19

Eager- promotion

Vigilant- prevention

Question 20

Haptic/ touch is used why?

Answer 20

To communicate many emotions

Question 21

What did Hertstein et al 2009 look at in regards to touch?

Answer 21

Pairs of participants who were strangers to one another; one person is the encoder and had to convey an emotion using only touch (e.g anger push, love hug, sympathy, happiness, gratitude etc.