Nonclemature *

Question 1

IUPAC standards for naming compounds 5 steps

Answer 1

• first find the longest carbon in the compound that contains the highest priority functional group. This is called the parent chain.
• second number the cain in such a way that the highest-priority functional group receives the lowest number possible. this group determines the suffix.
• third, name the substituents with a prefix. Multiple substituents of a single type receive another prefix denoting how many are present.
• fourth, assign a number to each of the substituents depending on the carbon to which it is bonded
• finally, complete the name by alphabetizing the substituents and separating numbers from each other by commas and from words by hyphens.

Question 2

Alkanes and hydrocarbons without any double or triple bonds. What is the general formula?

Answer 2

CnH(2n+2)

Question 3

Alkanes are named according to

Answer 3

the number of carbons present followed by suffix -ane. Methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), and butane (C4H10). Larger alkanes use the greek root for the number (pentane, hexane, heptane, octane)

Question 4

Alkenes and alkynes contain

Answer 4

double and triple bonds. You add ene and yne for suffix at the end.

Question 5

Alcohols

Answer 5

contain a hydroxyl (-OH) group, which substitute for one or more of the hydrogens in the hydrocarbon chain. Alcohols are named by adding -ol or by using the prefix hydroxy- if a higher priority group is present. Alcohols have a higher priority than double or triple bonds and alkanes. Sometimes the carbon chain is followed by the word alcohol, which is the same as adding an -ol. Diols consist of two hydroxyl groups. they are termed geminal if on the same carbon or vicinal if on adjacent carbons.

Question 6

Aldehydes and ketones contain

Answer 6

a carbonyl group- a carbon double bonded to an oxygen.

Question 7

aldehydes

Answer 7

have a a carbonyl group on a terminal carbon that is also attached to a hydrogen atom. Aldehydes are named with the suffix -al or by using the prefix oxo- if a higher priority is present. common names of aldehydes include formaldehyde for methanal, acetaldehyde for ethanal, and propionaldehyde for propanal.

Question 8

Ketones

Answer 8

have a carbonyl group on a nonterminal carbon

Question 9

Carbonyl containing compounds also create a lettering scheme for carbons.

Answer 9

The carbon on adjacent to the carbonyl carbon is the alpha carbon

Question 10

carboxylic acids

Answer 10

are the highest priority functional group because they contain three bonds to oxygen; one from a hydroxyl and two from a carbonyl. they are always terminal but derivates may occur within a molecule. Ends with oic acid and are very rarely named as a prefix. Common names follow the trend of aldehydes. Formic acid is methanoic acid, acetic acid is ethanoic acid, and propionic acid is propanoic acid.

Question 11

Esters

Answer 11

are carboxylic cid derivatives where -OH is replaced with -OR, an alkoxy group. They use suffix oate or the prefix alkoxycarbonyl-. common name for esters are derived from the alcohol and the carboxylic acid used during synthesis.

Question 12

Amides

Answer 12

replace the hydroxyl group of a carboxylic acid with an amino group that may or may not be substituted. they use the suffix -amide or the prefix carbamoyl- or amido-. Substituents attached to the amide nitrogen are designated with a capital N-.

Question 13

Anhydrides

Answer 13

are formed from two carboxylic acids by dehydration. They may be symmetric (two of the same acid), asymmetric (two different acids), or cyclic (intramolecular reaction of a dicarboxylic acid). They have the suffix anhydride in place of the acid.

Question 14

Functional groups priority

Answer 14

Carboxylic acid>anhydride>ester>amide>aldehyde>ketone>alcohol>alkene or alkyne>alkane