Non-verbal communication Flashcards
Functions of Non verbal communication
(Patterson, 1988)
-provide info to others
-express intimacy
-regulat interaction
Parallel processing model:
4 Classic factors:
- Determinants
- Social environment
- Cognitive affect mediators
- Person perception and behavioural processes
NVC is not language
- NVC can’t be turned off, you are unable to control emotions whereas you can control language
- NVC doesn’t involve turn taking, you always communicate
Channels of NVC
- Facial expression
- Gaze
- Body contact
- Smell
All of them occur simultaneously outside of our conscious awareness
Differences in Sensitivity
- women more sensitive to non verbal cues (as main caregivers evolutionary)
- Older we get = worse at decoding non verbal cues
- Clinical disturbances such as ASD can cause us to be not as good at decoding verbal cues
Space
- Kane 1971, violent prisoners create a zone around them which others respect
- Higher up in job = larger office
- Hall, 1966, cultures such as North African countries get very close when closing a business deal
Touch
- Crusco & Wetzel (1984) waitress get larger tips when touch customers on hand
- Linked with emotion and relationship
- Chaplin et al (2000) firm hand shakes associated with extraversion
Facial Expression as a channel
- Ekman et al (1972) same facial expressions (happiness, surprise, fear, sadness, anger, disgust)
- Horses heart beats increase when see image of angry person
- female are better
- New work regarding small communities (Himba of Zambia)
- Fake corridor, only 5% showed surprise expression
Gaze
- observers pay more attention to eyes
- Gaze used for dominance i.e. Hakka
- Prolonged gaze at chimpanzees caused humans to get attacked - staring is threat
Culture and NVC
- Touch varies in different countries such as in Puerto Rico affection is more common than London
- In Japan it is common to use smiling or laughing to hide negative emotions as showing negative emotion in public id frowned upon
- finger move across throat in Swaziland means I love you but England = that
- Japanese look at expressions of others in social context more than Americans when decoding facial expressions
Complexity of NVC
- Non verbal acts mean different things in different situations
- understand context of communication
Non verbal enthusiasm
- Counsellors with expressive nvm styles are judged more positively by clients and may be more effective
Detecting Lies
Ekman & O’Sullivan (1991) most of us perform no better than chase at detecting lies
-Only professional group better than chance is the secret service
- Easier to become a better liar than a better decoder of lies
- Women worse at detecting lies than men
Vrij, Edward, Roberts & Bull (2000)
- 67% accuracy in detecting truths, 44% when detecting lies
- It Is believed that 75% of professionals thinks that liars look away but gaze aversion isn’t reliable
- Liars may experience high levels of emotion and cognitive load i.e. slower speech rate and fewer hand movements
- evidence for nv cues of deception has small effect size and cues can actually be associated with stress.
Ten Brinke and Porter (2012)
- Videos of 78 (35 deceptive) individuals who made pleas for families return
Deceptive murders - more likely to express disgust rather than sadness
fewer words used
blinked nearly twice as quickly
Patterson and Fridlund & Crivelli (2023)
- most research supports null or minimal results for lie detection ability
- Stress was no talent into account and instead labelled as deception
- Facial expressions can be created, i.e. when flight attendants smile
