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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Main risk of NSAIDS

A

Increased risk of GI and CVS deaths

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2
Q

Main use of NSAIDS + examples

A

Relief of mild-to-moderate pain (analgesic)

  • toothache, headache, backache
  • opioid sparing posteroperative pain
  • dysmenorrhea

Reduction of fever (antipyretic)
-influenza

Reduction of inflammation (anti-inflammatory)

  • Rheumatoid arthritis/osteoarthritis
  • Osteoarthritis
  • MSK inflammation
  • Strains and sprains (soft tissue injury)
  • Gout
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3
Q

How do NSAIDS work

What are the products of COX enzymes. What is their distribution and how are they released

A

Inhibition of prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis

Lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid

Cyclo-oxygenase enzymes

Widely distributed

Not stored or pre-formed

Receptor-mediated

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4
Q

Outline arichidonic acid metabolism

A

AA–> prostglandin H2(BY COX1&2)

–> prostacyclin, prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin D2, prostaglandin F2a, TXA2 (by specific synthases)

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5
Q

What are prostanoid receptors

What are they named on the basis of

How do they achieve their effect

A

10 known prostanoid receptors
DP1, DP2, EP1, EP2, EP3, EP4, FP, IP1,IP2, TP

Naming based on agonist potency but they are NOT completely specific

Prostanoids have both G protein-dependent and -independent effects

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6
Q

What are the actions of prostanoid receptors

A

Physiological and pro-inflammatory

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7
Q

How any receptors can PGE2 act on, and to what effect

A

PGE2 can activate 4 Receptors

cAMP-dependent and independent downstream mechanisms:

EP1 and EP3 can increase Ca2+ mobilisation

EP2& EP4 will increase cAMP activtion

EP3 downregulates cAMP, as can EP2 (can up or downregulate)

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8
Q

What can EP2 do

A 
Increased pain perception
Increased body temperature
Acute inflammatory response 
Immune responses
Tumorigenesis
Inhibition of apoptosis
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9
Q

What effect does PGE2 have on pain threshold and how

A

PG receptors in the periphery sensitizes the nociceptors which cause pain both acutely and chronically.

HYPERALGESIA

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10
Q

Specific mechanism of action for reduction in pain threshold due to PGE2

A
  1. cAMP mediated…. activates P2X3 nociceptors due to PKA (this pathway occurs anyway but can increase with more PGE2 and Epac pathway can be activated too)
  2. EP1 receptors and/or EP4 receptors (in periphery and spine)
  3. Could downregulate endocannabinoids (neuromodulators in thalamus, spine and periphery)
  4. increasing beta-endorphin in spine

SO NSAIDS WOULD REVERSE THESE THINGS

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11
Q

Why do NSAIDS reduce fever

A

PGE2 is pyrogenic…. stimulates hypothalamic neurones initiating a rise in body temperature

(in the experiment a pyrogenic was injected, and PGE2 rose before temperature did)

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12
Q

What is another important role of PGE2

A

COMPLEX ROLE IN INFLAMMATION

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13
Q

What is the desirable effects of PGE2

A

Gastroprotection

Bronchodilation (although there is evidence that PGE2 can desensitise β2adrenoceptors)

Renal salt and water homeostasis

Vasoregulation (dilation and constriction depending on receptor activated)

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14
Q

Why are NSAIDS not used in asthmatics

A

MANY COX PRODUCTS CAUSE BRONCHODILATION, BUT (e.g. PGE2 is normally protective)

~10% asthma patients experience worsening symptoms with NSAIDS

Cyclooxygenase inhibition favours production of leukotrienes - bronchoconstrictors

But only in some asthmatics… depends on penotypes

(mouse knockouts for PGE2 had aspirin induced asthma, suggesting PGE2 is protective)

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15
Q

What is PGE2 production mediated by

A

COX1&2

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16
Q

How does PGE2 affect renal blood flow

How can NSAIDS cause renal toxicity

Where are COX enzymes found within the nephron

What location of COX enzymes accounts for the effect of PGE2 on renal blood flow

A

PGE2 increases renal blood flow

NSAIDs can cause renal toxicity:

Constriction of afferent renal arteriole –> Reduction in renal artery flow –> Reduced glomerular filtration rate

COX1 in the DCT/ collecting duct, COX2 in ALH and macula densa
COX1&2 in the glomerulus

COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes in the glomerulus causes PGE2 production which is affecting this renal blood flow

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17
Q

What is the role of PGE2 in gastric cytoprotection.

Which COX enzyme is this dependent on

A

PGE2 downregulates HCl secretion

PGE2 stimulates
mucus and bicarbonate secretion

(so increased neutralisation and increased physical barrier)

DEPENDENT ON COX 1 (howeer PGE2 is produced by COX 1 and COX 2 remember)

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18
Q

What is the effect of NSAIDS on the GI system

A

NSAIDS increase the risk of ulceration

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19
Q

Differentiate the COX 1 and 2

A

Different (but overlapping) cellular distributions

NOT the case that COX1 inhibition is phsiological and COX2 inhibition is pathological

Most NSAIDs reversibly inhibit both isoforms (example: ibuprofen)

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20
Q

What is the Coxib family of NSAIDS.

What is their benefit?

A

Coxib family: selectively reversibly inhibit COX-2 (example: celecoxib)

(hypothesised to be gastroprotective, and were, but still CVS effects)

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21
Q

What are the unwanted effects of NSAIDS on CVS

A

Vasoconstriction (as was seen in the case of renal toxicity of NSAIDS, causing vasoconstriction, it the same here but generalised)
Salt and water retention
Reduced effect of antihypertensives

Risk of HTN, MI and stroke

so even though the coxib (selective COX2 inhibitor) reduced the GI problems there was higher risk of CVS disease

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22
Q

Why is COX 2 not a silver bullet, despite reducing GI effects

A

Increasing evidence that selective COX-2 inhibitors pose higher risk of cardiovascular disease than conventional NSAIDS even though mechanism is unclear

23
Q

How do NSAIDS have their effect on the CVS

A

By vasoconstriction/vasodilation

OR

platelet aggreation

24
Q

How do the prostanoids affect the CVS:

PGF2a
PGE2
PGI2
PGD2

A

PGF2a: CONTRACTS smooth muscle (also relevant in the RESP tutorial)

TXA2: Vasoconstricts and INCREASES platelet aggregation

PGI2: Vasodilates and reduces platelet aggregation

PGE2: Vasodilates (or vasoconstricts) + inflammatory mediator

these are all actually important

25
What can the BLOCKING prostanoids do to CVS risk
No PGI2 (leads to unrestricted platelet activation --> atherothrombosis, and reduced NO --> endothelial dysfunction and HF risk) Reduced PGI2 and PGE2 (decreased protection against arrhythmias and oxidative injury --? increased HF risl) Reduced PGI2 adn reduced PGE2 can also have renal effects increasing CV risk look at diagram... basically: VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM/VSMC, CARDIOMYOCYTES AND RENAL EFFECTS WHEN PROSTANOIDS ARE BLOCKED
26
Outline the bad effects of COX 1 nad COX 2 selective inhibitrs
COX1... increased GI bleed COX2.... increased CVS risk. The ones sold in shops do a little bit of each
27
Outline when the risk of side effects from NSAIDS is high and low
Analgesic use (occasional) low risk of side effects Anti-inflammatory use (often sustained, higher dose)... high risk of side effects
28
How can NSAIDS side effects for GI bleeding be limited (other than using COX 2) In which patients should use of NSAIDS be minimised (in addition to asthmatics, who should not take it at all)
Topical application Minimise NSAID use in patients with history of GI ulceration Treat H pylori if present If NSAID essential, administer with omeprazole or other proton pump inhibitor Minimise NSAID use in patients with other risk factors and reduce risk factors where possible e.g. Alcohol consumption Anticoagulant or glucocorticoid steroid use
29
What drugs are being developed that may be safer
Nitric oxide or Hydrogen sulphide releasing NSAIDS Dual LOX/COX inhibitors (to reduce leukotriene production)
30
What is the selectivity of aspirin
COX-1
31
How is aspirin unique to other NSAIDS
Binds IRREVERSIBLY to COX enzymes (acetylation) to overcome, must produce new COX enzymes other NSAIDS bind reversibly
32
What actions do aspirin have
Has anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic actions | Reduces platelet aggregation
33
Outline the effects of prostaglandins on platelet aggreation
Thromboxane A2 increases aggreation (produced by platelets) Prostacyclin (PGI2)... will reduce platelet aggreation (endothelial cells)
34
How does aspirin work on platelet aggreation
TXA2 made by COX-1 PGI2 synthesis by COX-1 and COX-2 so aspirin reduces all TXA2 and some PGI2 Covalent binding which permanently inhibits platelet COX-1 so it will have bigger effect on TXA2 as platelets have nonucleus so they cannot produce TXA2 again. But the endothelial cells can produce new prostacylcin
35
Major side effects of aspirin at therapeutic dose + why do the side effect of aspirin occur
Gastric irritation and ulceration Bronchospasm in sensitive asthmatics Prolonged bleeding times Nephrotoxicity Side effects likely with aspirin because it inhibits COX covalently, not because it is selective for COX-1
36
What does paracetemol do? What class of drug is it
effective analgesic for mild-to-moderate pain which is available over the counter Has anti-pyretic action Has minimal anti-inflammatory effect Therefore it is not a NSAID
37
What is the mechanism of paracetmol action
Not understood, probably central and peripheral ? COX- 3 ? Via Cannabinoid receptors ? Interaction with endogenous opioids ?interaction with 5HT and adenosine receptors 3 OACS
38
What is the usual metabolism of paracetemol
Firstly, toxic metabolite (called NAPQI) formed through phase I. (has a double bond) Then, this toxic metabolite is conjugated to the vast supply of glutathione (this reduces the toxic molecule, no double bond now) INACTIVE REDUCED FORM
39
What is the consequence of paracetemol overdose
You can use up all the glutathione, in which case the metabolite will oxidise thiol groups of KEY HEPATIC ENZYMES, causing cell death
40
What is the antidote for paracetemol poisoning
Add compound with –SH groups Usually intravenous Acetylcysteine Occasionally oral methionine could be added but increased cost (methionine is like the glutathione which would directly reduce it)
41
When is acetyl cysteine used
Acetyl cysteine used in cases of attempted suicide and accidental poisoning from paracetemol
42
T/F liver failure can always be prevented with acetylcysteine
F....If not administered early enough, liver failure may be unpreventable
43
T/F restriction of paracetemol pack size has reduced number of paracetmol overdose death
T
44
T/F the action of prostanoids produced in the body can result from a stored form
F... prostanoids are not stored, they work as they are produced, and act on receptors
45
What is the usual action of COX1&2
Convert AA --> PGH2 The rate limiting step in the production of all prostanoids
46
What is PGH2 converted into and how
Into Prostacyclin/PGI2, PGE2, PGD2, PGF3, and TXA2 by SPECIFIC SYNTHASES
47
What is the structure of the AA vs the prostanoid product
Arachidonic acid has a very open structure All the products have a closed structure, with a 5-membered ring and 2 lipid tails
48
What are prostanoids
Prostanoids are a subclass of eicosanoids consisting of the prostaglandins (mediators of inflammatory and anaphylactic reactions), the thromboxanes (mediators of vasoconstriction), and the prostacyclins (active in the resolution phase of inflammation.)
49
Give an example of a drug which proves increased CVS risk, one that increases GI risk and one that provides some level of both risk
Ibuprofen- low level of both risk (non selective) Coxibs high level of CVS risk (COX 2 SELECTIVE) Naproxen high level of GI risk e.g. bleed/ulcer (COX 1 SELECTIVE )
50
T/F aspirin binds irreversibly and acetylates both COX1 and COX2 enzymes
T... but more selective for COX1
51
How is aspirin dose dependetnt
LOW DOSE ASPIRIN: The nucleus in the endothelial cell simply replenishes COX enzymes. However, platelets do not have a nucleus. Therefore they cannot recover to produce more thromboxane after aspirin. This leads to NO RE-SYNTHESIS of COX-1 in platelets à OVERALL REDUCED AGGREGATION OF PLATELETS. HIGH DOSE ASPIRIN: There is BARELY ANY ACTION ON PLATELET AGGREGATION – this is because endothelial cell COX enzymes will be in a permanent state of inhibition (therefore no production of PGI2 :(
52
What is the antiplatelet action of aspitrin
Very high degree of COX-1 inhibition which effectively suppresses TxA2 production by platelets * Covalent binding which permanently inhibits platelet COX-1 * Relatively low capacity to inhibit COX-2 * Use low dose to allow endothelial re-synthesis of COX-2
53
What is the max dose of paracetemol
8 tablets over 24hrs, which is 4mg

Pharm (33 decks)

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