Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Exam 3 > Non Specific Immunity: 1st and 2nd Lines of Defense > Flashcards

Non Specific Immunity: 1st and 2nd Lines of Defense Flashcards

1
Q

what makes something part of first line of defense? Why is this not a true immune response?

A

any barrier that blocks invasion at the portal of entry and limits access to the internal tissues of the body. Not considered a true immune response because it does not involve recognition of foreign substances (very general in action)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the second line of defense consist of?

A

internalized system of protective cells and fluids (ex. Histamine), Includes inflammation and phagocytosis (macrophages, dendritic cells, leukocytes). And acts rapidly at both the local and systemic levels once the 1st line of defense has been circumvented

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how is third line of defense acquired?

A

acquired on an individual basis as each foreign substance is encountered by lymphocytes. The reaction with each different microbe produces unique protective substances. Provides long term immunity,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what barriers are in the first line of defense?

A

physical, chemical and genetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are you’re physical barriers? describe them

A

Skin:
- stratum cornneum makes a tough outer layer impervious and waterproof
-constant shedding
- flushing effect of sweat removes microbes’
Mucous Membranes:
- of the digestive, urinary and respiratory tracts and eye
-mucous sticky impedes entry and attachment of bacteria
-blinking and tear production flush the eye’s surface
- constant flow of saliva carries microbes to the saliva
- vomiting and defecation evacuate invaders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how does the respiratory tract keep invaders out?

A
  • nasal hair traps large particles
  • flow of mucus- flushing action
  • ciliated epithelium conveys particles trapped in mucous toward pharynx (cough)
  • foreign matter in the bronchi, trachea and larynx triggers coughing to eject irritants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how does the GI tract keep invaders out?

A
  • protection through the continuous trickle of urine via ureters
  • periodic bladder emptying flushes urethra
  • vaginal secretions provide cleansing of the lower reproductive tract in females
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the function of resident microbiotia?

A
  • to train host defenses so that commensals are kept in check and pathogens eliminated
  • interruptions in this process may lead to immunologic disturbances in the gut
  • increased antibiotic use and efforts to free our environment from microbes may contribute to irritable bowel disease
  • “ill-trained” gut defense inappropriately responds to commensals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the sebaceous secretions a part of and what are their functions?

A

part of non specific chemical defense. And exert antimicrobial effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how do the eyes protect themselves?

A

specialized glands of the eyelids lubricate the conjunctiva with an antimicrobial secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is lysozyme?

A

it is an enzyme found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in cell wall of bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what makes sweat salty?

A

high lactic acid and electrolyte content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what makes genes non specific

A

we are born with it. Differences in susceptibility can arise in mutations in the genes that code for components of the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the study of immunology?

A

the study of…

  • all features of the body’s 2nd and 3rd line of defense
  • study of the body’s response to infectious agents
  • study of allergies and cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is an autoimmune disorder? examples?

A
  • autoimmune disorders are a result of the immune system mistakenly attacking the body’s own tissues and organs
    ex) Lupis, Arthritis, thyroiditis
    this is why tissue transplants are problematic,
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) ? Give examples

A

generic thing that does not belong; will find on many different microbes. (Ex PAMP on virus would be double stranded RNA (every virus has this), PAMP on bacteria would be peptidoglycan or lippopolysacchrides)
General things on pathogens which do not belong on us

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are Pathogen Recognition Receptors (PRR)

A

receptor will bind to pathogen associated molecular patterns and tells you if this is “self or nonself”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

immune system evaluates cells by examining molecules on cell surfaces called ____. What are the markers made of?

A

markers. They are made of proteins and sugars, this allows cells of the immune system to identify whether a newly discovered cell poses a threat and should be marked for destruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are allergies?

A

not harmful substances enter body yet immune system overreacts and attacks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does whole blood consist of?

A
  • red and white and thrombocytes (clotting cells)
  • plasma: clear, yellowish fluid used in staph and strep
  • serum: essentially the same as plasma except that it is the clear fluid from clotted blood, used in immune testing and therapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does the second line of defense consist of?

A

generalized and nonspecific defense which support and interact with specific immune response

  • phagocytosis cell eating, engulf and digests
  • inflammation: redness and swelling when your first barrier is hurt (we can get inflamation internally ex) cardiovascular disease and arthritis)
  • fever: high temp body is inhospitable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how are phagocytes also used in 3rd line?

A

they extract immunogenic (antigen) info and hold it out for B and T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the type of phagocytes?

A
  • neutrophils: important in early stages of bacterial infection. Come quickly and stay for a long time. high neutrophil count means you probably have a bacterial infection
  • Monocytes: When it is roaming freely in the Blood -> called monocyte
  • macrophage: When it moves into a tissue -> called a macrophage
  • Monocytes and Macrophages are essentially the same thing, except for location. They make it to infection much quicker cause they are all throughout the body
24
Q

what is pus?

A

mostly the neutrophils who come in and eat dead tissue or any microbes

25
Q

what are specialized macrophages? What are some examples?

A

Histiocytes: live in certain tissue and remain there during their lifespan. They dont roam around, They go into tissue and stay in that tissue (specialized ).
EX)
-Alveolar (lung) macrophages
- Knupffer cells in liver
- dentritic cells in skin
- Macrophages in spleen, Lymph nodes, bone marrow, kidney, bone and brain

26
Q

why are histiocytes specialized macrophages?

A

because other macrophages DO NOT reside permanently in tissue, they drift nomadically throughout Reticula Endothelial System (RES) –> esp. Torso

27
Q

what is the process of phagocytosis?

A
  1. Chemotaxis: Phagocytes migrate into a region of inflammation with a deliberate sense of direction. attracted by stimulant products from parasite at site of injury
  2. Adhesion: phagocytes use pathogen recognition receptors and bind to pathogen associated molecular patterns
  3. Phagolysosome: Phagocyte moves into macrophage and will form vesicle around it called phagosome
  4. phagolysosome produces bubbles of lysosome (the chemical which does the digesting) ** dont mix up with lysozyme
  5. lysosome float around cell them emerge up with phagosome (containing our pathogen) and lysosome gets inside of vesicle-> now called a Phagolysosome
  6. lysisime from lysosome will digest what ever pathogen is targetted. –> pathogen reduces to proteins and sugars
28
Q

describe pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

A
  • signal molecules found on microbial surfaces recognized by phagocytes
  • molecules shared by many organisms, but not mammals (So peptidoglycan, lippopolysacchrides, double stranded RNA)
  • molecules serve as “red flags” for phagocytes and other cells of innate immunity
29
Q

what are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

A
  • found on phagocytes and dentritic cells, endothelial cells and lymphocytes
  • recognize and bind PAMPs
  • cell posses PRR whether they have encountered PAMPs before or not
30
Q

What are the classic signs and symptoms of inflammation? (Rose cries to decrease pain)

A

Rubor: Redness by increased circulation and vasodilation of blood flow to injured tissue
Calor: Warmth caused by the heat given off by the increased flow of blood
Tumor: Swelling caused by fluid escaping into tissues, helps dilute toxins, flush microbes, and brings in immune cells
Dolor: pain caused by stimulation of nerve endings
Loss of function in region which is inflammed

31
Q

What is an example of chronic inflammation

A

cardiovascular disease.

Can be local (if you get cut) or systemic (inside the body)

32
Q

reserchers are finding that if you can lower inflammation, it can slow down…

A

the aging process

33
Q

what factors elicit inflammation?

A
  • trauma from infection
  • tissue injury or necrosis due to physical or chemical agents
  • specific immune reactions
  • cytokines released by helper T cells also induce inflammation
34
Q

what is the function of inflammation?

A
  • to mobilize and attract immune components (phagocytes, B and T cells)
  • helps tissue repair
  • clears away microbs and blocks further invasions
35
Q

how can inflammation be bad?

A

it has the potential to cause tissue injury, destruction and disease. There are microbes that can elicit these immune responses so even if they are not being attacked, they can poke at us to start up response and makes us release chemical cytokines, which will cause inflammation and then damage tissue.

36
Q

what is cytokinestorm?

A

when microbe elicits so much cytokines to be produce, so much inflammation can cause damage or even death.

37
Q

What are cytokines?

A

chemical messengers that cause things to happen

  • general class of chemicals that tells your cells what to do
  • effects may be local or systemic, short term or long lasting, specific or non specific, protective or pathologic
38
Q

what is diapedesis?

A
  • is the migration of white blood cells out of the blood vessels into tissues
  • -> endotheliall cells good at getting white blood cells to stick along walls (migration). Little holes that form in the lining of the blood vessel where white blood cell can squeeze out. That squeezing out of WBC from blood vessel into damaged tissue is DIAPEDISIS
39
Q

What is Chemotaxis?

A
  • it is the migration of cells in response to a specific chemical stimulus
40
Q

what are the benefits of edema (a condition characterized by an excess of watery fluid collecting in the cavities or tissues of the body) and leaky vessels?

A
  • influx of fluid dilute toxic substances
  • fibrin clot can trap microbes to prevent further spread
  • Neutrophils aggregated at the inflamed site
  • Pus: the accumulation of white-ish mass of cells, liquefied cellular debris and bacteria
41
Q

What is pyogenic?

A

(Pus generating)

bacteria such as streptococci, staphyococci, gonococci, and meningococci that stimulate the formation of pus

42
Q

Abnormally elevated body temperature is a universal symptom of what?

A

infection. But it is also associated with certain allergies, cancers and other organic illness

43
Q

How do you know if you have a fever of unknown origin? (FUO)

A
  • intermittent fever greater than 38 degrees Celsius (101 degrees Fahrenheit)
  • lasts longer than 3 weeks for which no known cause can be determined after week 1 .
44
Q

Body temperature is maintained at 37 degrees Celsius by the….

  • what is a low grade fever?
  • high grade?
A

hypothalamus (thermostat of body)

  • low grade fever: 37.7-38.3 C (100-101 F)
  • High grade fever: 40-41.4 C (104-106 F)
45
Q

What are pyrogens?

  • Exogenous pyrogens?
  • Endogenous pyrogens?
A

Pyrogens: Substances that reset the hypothalamic thermostat to a higher setting

  • Exogenous pyrogens: products of infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, protozoans, fungi, endotoxins, blood etc. (Thing that causes fever and comes from outside)
  • Endogenous pyrogens: cytokines liberated by monocytes, neutrophils and macrophages during phagocytosis (chemicals or things that causes fever by my own cells)
46
Q

what are the benefits of fever?

A
  • inhibits multiplication of temperature sensitive microorganisms (ex viruses cant replicate)
  • impedes nutrition of bacteria by reducing the availability of iron (iron isnt produced as much, and bacteria need iron to reproduce)
  • increases metabolism and stimulates immune reaction and naturally protective physiological processes
  • speeds us hematopoiesis (blood cell formation), phagocytosis and specific immune reactions (B and T cells)
47
Q

what are the side effects of not treating fever?

A
  • Tachycardia: Rapid heart rate
  • Tachypnea: Elevated respiratory rate
  • Lowering of seizure of threshold
48
Q

What are interferons produced by?

  • What about interferon alpha and beta?
  • What about interferon gamma?
A

Produced by white blood cells.

  • Interferon alpha and beta produced by lymphocytes and fibroblasts and macrophages
  • Interferon gamma produced by T cells
49
Q

What is the activities of interferon?

A

to bind to cell surfaces and induce changes in genetic expression. Stimulate DNA to do transcription then translations of certain proteins.
All 3 interferons can inhibit the expression of cancer genes and have tumor supressor effects.

50
Q

What do alpha and beta interferons stimulated?

What is the function of the gamma interferons?

A

Alpha and Beta stimulate phagocytes

Gamma is the immune regulator of macrophages of T and B cells

51
Q

binding of viruses and other microbes to receptors on a host cell, signals the cell to produce…

A

interferon

52
Q

interferons are a valuable treatment for a number of ____ infections because…

A

viral infections because it degrades viral RNA and prevents translation of viral proteins

53
Q

describe the steps of how interferons work.

  • *hint: helps protect neighboring cells
    • interferons “interfere” with viral replication
A

1) cell gets attacked by a virus, and decides to produce interferons via transcription and translation.
2) releases interferon into space around it (extracellula space)
3) interferons bind to cells around it
4) That signals the other cells’ DNA to do transcription and translation of antiviral protiens
5) So when virus approaches that cell, the cell is ready

54
Q

What happens in the initiation stage of the complement system?
What happens in the cascade stage of the complement system?
What happens in the polymerization stage of the complement system?
What happens in the MAC stage of the complement system?

A

initiation: C1 binds to an initiator bound to a foreign cell
cascade: C1 activates C5 by cutting it in half
polymerization: C5 product becomes the site for assembly of the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)
MAC: C5-9 form the membrane attack complex that punctures pores in cell membrane leading to lysis

55
Q

Complement system causes the ____ _____ ____ to cause cell ____

A

Complement system causes the Membrane Attack Complex to cause cell lysis

56
Q

What are examples of iron-binding proteins? and where are they located?

A
  • Hemoglobin: Found in red blood cells
  • Transferrin: Blood and tissue fluids
  • Lactoferrin: found in milk and saliva
  • Ferritin: Every cell type
  • Sideophores: Proteins produced by bacteria capable of scavenging iron binding proteins (binds iron more tightly that us)
57
Q

What are animicrobial peptides? And what are they capable of?

A

they are short proteins, and they are able to insert themselves into prokaryotic membranes, puncture holes and cause cell lysis.
Ex) defensin, magainins, protegrins

Exam 3 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions