Non-Species Specific

Question 1

Which three hormones regulate ionized serum calcium (Ca) levels?

Answer 1

• Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
• Calcitonin
• 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol D3

Question 2

What are stereotypies?

Answer 2

Stereotypies are abnormally frequent, repetitive, nonproductive behaviors that could indicate poor animal welfare conditions.

Question 3

How long do most states require medical records to be kept?

Answer 3

3 - 5 years

Question 4

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is immediate?

Answer 4

Type I

Question 5

When an antigen is presented in a Type I hypersensitivity reaction, what happens in the body?

Answer 5

B cells produce IgE antibodies

Question 6

A prolonged activated clotting time (ACT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is indicative of?

Answer 6

Hemophilia A

Question 7

Dogs or cats with hemophilia A typically have less than 10% of what clotting factor?

Answer 7

Factor VIII

Question 8

What type of suture material is commonly used on skin?

Answer 8

Nylon and prolene

Question 9

Prolene is what type of suture?

Answer 9

Monofilament, non-absorbable

Question 10

What type of suture is PDS (polydioxanone)?

Answer 10

Monofilament, absorbable (degraded by hydrolysis in ~ 180 days)

Question 11

Which two suture patterns are used for closing hollow viscera and why?

Answer 11

Connell and Cushing, because each creates a watertight seal and are effective at inverting tissue

Question 12

What is the difference between the Connell and Cushing suture patterns?

Answer 12

Connell: through the lumen

Cushing: through the submucosa

Question 13

Name two everting suture patterns.

Answer 13

Horizontal and vertical mattress

Question 14

Topical insecticides are regulated by what agency?

Answer 14

EPA

Question 15

What is the purpose of a case study?

Answer 15

To generate a hypothesis

Question 16

Which clotting factors are dependent on Vitamin K?

Answer 16

Factors II, VII, IX, and X

Question 17

What are the Five Domains?

Answer 17

• nutrition
• physical environment
• health
• behavioral interactions
• mental state

Question 18

Specificity defines the numbers of what in testing?

Answer 18

• False positives
• True negatives

Question 19

Sensitivity defines the number of what?

Answer 19

True positives and false negatives

Question 20

What is this plant that can cause acute death?

Answer 20

Milkweed - a cardiac glycoside

Question 21

What does bracken fern cause?

Answer 21

In ruminants, it causes bone marrow depression with clinical signs appearing after approximately 3 months

Question 22

What does moldy sweet clover cause?

Answer 22

Coagulopathy via vitamin K antagonism after consumption over a long period of time

Question 23

What does ragwort cause?

Answer 23

Liver disease after several months

Question 24

Lactate is primarily metabolized by what organ?

Answer 24

Liver - the kidneys and skeletal muscle also metabolize lactate to a lesser extent

Question 25

What value of lactate is considered normal?

Answer 25

> 2.25 mmol/L

Question 26

Lactate values are used to predict survival in what two species and under what circumstances?

Answer 26

Dogs: in gastric dilatation volvulus (bloat) Horses: colic and sepsis

Question 27

Which suture pattern is used to help appose tissues that have increased tension?

Answer 27

Ford interlocking pattern

Question 28

What dog breeds can have a genetic zinc deficiency and what can it cause?

Answer 28

Siberian huskies, Alaskan Malamutes, Samoyeds, Doberman Pinschers, and Great Danes. It can cause zinc responsive dermatosis at mucocutaneous junctions, pressure points, and periocular and perioral regions.

Question 29

What is the primary cause of diabetes mellitus (DM) in dogs?

Answer 29

Immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic islet cells

Question 30

What are the primary causes of diabetes mellitus (DM) in cats?

Answer 30

- Insulin resistance - beta-cell exhaustion - pancreatic amyloid deposition

Question 31

An anti-inflammatory injectable dose of a corticosteroid is contraindicated in what animal and why?

Answer 31

A pregnant cow because the cow is the only animal susceptible to corticosteroid-induced parturition.

Question 32

Which hormone is essential to maintain pregnancy in all domestic animals?

Answer 32

Progesterone

Question 33

In animal welfare, what are the three circles of the Three Circles Model?

Answer 33

- physical health - affective states - natural living

Question 34

What does positional, vertical nystagmus indicate?

Answer 34

Central vestibular disease

Question 35

How many adult teeth does a pig have?

Answer 35

44

Question 36

How many adult teeth does a dog have?

Answer 36

42

Question 37

How many adult teeth does a horse have?

Answer 37

36-44

Question 38

How many adult teeth does a cat have?

Answer 38

30

Question 39

How many adult teeth does a ruminant have?

Answer 39

32

Question 40

What is the physiologic effect of an ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitor?

Answer 40

vasodilation

Question 41

What plant is this and what does it cause?

Answer 41

Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) contains cardiac glycosides which cause arrhythmias or asystole, hyperkalemia, vomiting, diarrhea, and/or death. Also used to make digoxin.

Question 42

What plant is this and what does it cause?

Answer 42

Oleander (Nerium oleander) contains cardiac glycosides which cause arrhythmias or asystole, hyperkalemia, vomiting and diarrhea. Can be lethal.

Question 43

What kind of test is an IFA?

Answer 43

Immunofluorescence Antibody

Question 44

What kind of test is an ELISA?

Answer 44

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Question 45

What kind of test is an AGID?

Answer 45

Agar Gel Immunodiffusion

Question 46

What are the four phases of wound healing?

Answer 46

1. hemostatis phase 2. inflammatory phase 3. proliferative (rebuilding) phase 4. maturation (remodeling) phase

Question 47

About how long does it take for a platelet plug to form after injury?

Answer 47

About 5 minutes

Question 48

What is the average life cycle of a platelet?

Answer 48

5 - 10 days (species dependent)

Question 49

What are the two most common tests used to evaluate the intrinsic pathway in the coagulation cascade?

Answer 49

- activated clotting time (ACT) - activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)

Question 50

In the dog and cat, what is a normal mucosal bleeding time?

Answer 50

- < 4 minutes

Question 51

What are the four types of hypersensitivity reactions?

Answer 51

Type I: Immediate Type II: cytotoxic Type III: Immune Complex Type IV: Delayed