non-renal tumours

Question 1

what are most prostate cancers

Answer 1

multifocal adenocarcinomas

Question 2

how are prostate cancers graded

Answer 2

Gleason’s scoring

Question 3

what re the symptoms of prostate cancers

Answer 3

usually asymptomatic
bone pain
weight loss/anorexia
haematuria/haematospermia

Question 4

what are the investigations of prostate cancers

Answer 4

PR
PSA
transrectal US ± biopsy
staging: bone scan/MRI/CT

Question 5

when would PSA be raised

Answer 5

cancer, benign prosatic hyperplasic, UTIs, retention, catheter, spirolactone, PR exam

Question 6

what is the treatment of prostate cancers

Answer 6

watch and wait
surgery = transurethral resection
radiotherapy ± neo-adjuvant hormone therapy

Question 7

who is affected by bladder cancer

Answer 7

middle ages - elderly

Question 8

what are the two types of bladder cancer

Answer 8

transitional cell carcinoma

uroepithelial tumour

Question 9

what are the types of transitional cell carcinoma

Answer 9

papillary (80%)

non-papillary

Question 10

what are the types of uroepithelial tumour

Answer 10

transitional (90%)
squamous = calcified
urachal

Question 11

what are the investigations of bladder cancer

Answer 11

Excretory urogram
Sonography
Retrograde pyelogram
CT = diagnosis

Question 12

what is Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans, what is it also know as

Answer 12

pre-malignant cutaneous lesion on the penis

lichen sclerosus

Question 13

what are the symptoms of Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans

Answer 13

white patches
fissuring/bleeding/scarring
phimsos
paraphinomsis

Question 14

what is the treatment of Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans

Answer 14

circumcision
meatal stenosis requiring dilation
glans resurfacing

Question 15

what are the symptoms of squamous cell carcinoma in situ of the penis

Answer 15

erythroplasia of queyrat (redness)
Bowen’s disease
red velvety patches

Question 16

what is the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma in situ of the penis

Answer 16

circumcision = if only on prepuce

topical 5 fluorouracil

Question 17

what are the symptoms of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis

Answer 17

red, raised area
foul-smeling, fungating mass
phimosis

Question 18

what is the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis

Answer 18

surgery = total/partial penectomy
lymphadenectomy
radiotherapy

Question 19

what are the two types of testicular cancer, what type is most common

Answer 19

seminoma = most common

non-seminoma

Question 20

who is affected by seminoma

Answer 20

40ish

Question 21

describe seminoma

Answer 21

solid, cut potato

spreads via lymph

Question 22

what re the symptoms of testicular cancer

Answer 22

painless, insensitive swelling within testis

metastasis = neck swelling, dyspnoea

Question 23

what are the investigations of testicular cancer

Answer 23

US
CXR/CT = staging
tumour markers

Question 24

what are the tumour markers of testicular cancer, what cancer type of they suggest

Answer 24

aFP = never raised in pure seminoma
HCG = teratoma or choriocarcinoma
LDH = any tumour

Question 25

what is the treatment of testicular cancer

Answer 25

orchidectomy

radiotherapy

Question 26

what is a varicocele, what is the buzzword for it

Answer 26

varicose vein in the testis

bag of worms