Non-Professional Organ/Hormones Flashcards
Organ: Adipose
Hormone: Leptin, Adiponectin
Organ: Bone
Hormone: undercarboxylated osteoclacin
Organ: Heart
Hormone: Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Organ: Immune Cells
Hormone: Cytokines (various)
Organ: Kidneys
Hormones: Renin, Calcitrol, Erythropoietin
Organ: Liver
Hormones: Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), Fibroblast growth factor 21
Organ: Mammary Gland
Hormone: Parathyroid hormone-related protein
Organ: Skeletal Muscle
Hormone: Irisin
Organ: small and large intestine
Hormone: Gut peptides (several)
Organ: Stomach
Hormone: Ghrelin
Leptin
Controls appetite and metabolism to prevent excess adipose accumulation
Adiponectin
Promotes adipose tissue development; enhanced when body weight is low
Undercarboxylated osteocalcin
Released by osteoblasts and promotes now mineralization, but also acts to enhance insulin release and insulin sensitivity in other tissues
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Decreases blood pressure by increasing renal sodium excretion and thereby decreasing blood volume
Cytokines
Activate or calm other immune cells, depending on the specific cytokines released. Also act on non-immune cells, including in the liver, muscle, and brain.
Renin
Initiated an endocrine axis called the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, which ultimately causes vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure.
Calcitrol
A form of Vitamin D, it acts on the gut to enhance calcium absorption
Erythropoietin
Triggered by hypoxia, it is released and travels to bone marrow to activate red blood cell production
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)
The second messenger in the somatotropic (GH) axis, triggering growth and/or lactation
Fibroblast growth factor 21
Induced during fasting, FGF21 affects both the liver and adipose tissue to promote glucose and ketone production
Parathyroid hormone-related protein
A lactation-induced hormone that may stimulate release of calcium from bone
Irsin
An exercise-induced hormone that may alter adipose tissue function and promote bone mineralization.
May also promote brain function, including improved serotonin release and reduced depression.
Gut peptides
Generally help organs adapt to nutrient inflow, including gall bladder contraction, enhanced insulin secretion, slower gastric emptying, and decreased appetite.
Ghrelin
A unique peptide that is released in anticipation of a meal as its concentration drops after a meal begins; promotes appetite and also stimulate GH (ST) release
