NON NURSING THEORIES Flashcards
Is the study of intricate components that function as a whole.
SYSTEMS THEORY
internal sub-units of
the organization that do not interact with the
external environment.
Closed systems
are internal subunits that
interact with other systems (or sub-units within
other systems) that are outside of the
organization.
Open systems
who founded the systems theory
LUDWIG VON BERTALANFFY
It is processed by the system in order
to obtain the desired output.
Inputs
It is the process that occurs to
transform the inputs to the desired outputs.
Throughputs
It is the end product of the
processing by the system.
Outputs
It is the process through which the
output is returned to the system.
Feedback
Systems theory encourages
nurses to view patients as holistic entities,
considering their physical, psychological, social,
and environmental dimensions.
Holistic Patient Care
Nursing often
involves collaboration with various healthcare
professionals.
Interdisciplinary Collaboration
Systems theory encourages nurses to go beyond treating symptoms
and to identify and address the root causes of
health issues.
Identifying Root Causes
Nurses can anticipate and respond to changes
within complex healthcare systems effectively.
Adapting To Change
RELEVANCE OF SYSTEMS THEORY TO NURSING
PRACTICE
Patient-Centered Care
Quality Improvement
Education and Research
Theorized three stage model by Kurt Tsadek Lewin
CHANGE THEORY
It involves preparing the organization for
change by creating a sense of urgency,
communicating the vision and benefits of change,
and overcoming resistance and inertia.
STAGE 1- UNFREEZE
Also known as transition stage. It is where
“movement” happens.
STAGE 2- CHANGE
“Reinforcing, stabilizing, and solidifying
the new state after the change”.
STAGE 3- REFREEZE
Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis
SIGMUND FREUD
Founded the PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY
libido, the driving force of
human behavior
Sexual energy
Major site of enjoyment & tension : mouth, lips and
tongue, includes biting and sucking activities
ORAL PHASE
Main focus: anal region - elimination takes on new
importance. Children find pleasure in both the retention of feces and defecation
ANAL PHASE
Children’s libido (energy) appears to be diverted into concrete thinking such as school activities.
LATENCY PHASE
Also known as “oedipal stage” The child learns to realize the differences between
males and females.
PHALLIC PHASE
“Chum Period”
LATENCY PHASE
Best known for his famous theory of
psychosocial development and the concept of
the identity crisis.
Erik Erikson
Ego, and superego are now fully developed Main events: – establishing new sexual aims –
finding of new love objects
GENITAL PHASE
children develop a sense of
trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and
affection.
Trust vs Mistrust
toddlers start to develop a
greater sense of self- control and have the
independence to learn new things by themselves.
Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
children become more
assertive of their actions and have the chance to
make their own decisions.
Initiative vs Guilt
teenagers start to explore
their independence to develop a sense of self. This
is where most teenagers have conflicts with
themselves and tend to search for their own
personal identity.
Identity vs Confusion
children develop new skills and
abilities. Children begin to develop pride in having
accomplishments and require encouragement from
teachers and parents.
Industry vs Inferiority
Young adults in this stage are motivated to form
intimate relationships and explore personal
relationships.
Intimacy vs Isolation
Middle-aged individuals attempt to build or nurture
something that will last, frequently by raising
children
Generativity vs Stagnation
The main struggle of this stage is whether or not the
person has had a meaningful, satisfying life.
Integrity vs Despair
A Swiss psychologist, born in 1896 and later
died in 1980.
Jean Piaget
He introduced the concepts of COGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT
Jean Piaget
infants develop reflex. Behaviors of infants are limited to simple motor
responses (reaching, grasping)
STAGE 1: SENSORIMOTOR
children think symbolically because
they have an active imagination.
STAGE 2: PREOPERATIONAL
treating inanimate objects as living ones
Animism
Children in this stage often gain a better
understanding of mental operations and also
recognize cause-and-effect relationships
STAGE 3: CONCRETE OPERATIONAL
The emergence of skills such as logical thinking,
deductive reasoning, and systematic planning
STAGE 4: FORMAL OPERATIONAL
The theory of moral development by Lawrence
Kohlberg examines how people’s capacities for
moral thinking and ethical decision-making
change throughout the course of a person’s
development.
UNDERSTANDING MORAL DEVELOPMENT: Kohlberg’s Theory
An American Psychiatrist who developed
theory of interpersonal interactions in psychiatry
Harry Stack-Sullivan
First to develop nursing theory after Florence
Nightingale.
Hildegard E. Peplau
Hildegard Peplau published her Theory of
Interpersonal Relations in the year….
1952
(4) THERAPEUTIC NURSE-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP
PHASES
ORIENTATION PHASE
IDENTIFICATION PHASE
EXPLOITATION PHASE
RESOLUTION PHASE
(6) ROLES OF THE NURSE IN THE THERAPEUTIC
RELATIONSHIP
STRANGER
RESOURCE PERSON
TEACHER
LEADER
SURROGATE
COUNSELORS
