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Research Methods > Non Invasive Analysis Of Skeletal Structures > Flashcards

Non Invasive Analysis Of Skeletal Structures Flashcards

1
Q

What are clinical investigations?

A

Diagnosis of pathologies
Identification of fractures
Pre-surgical visualisation

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2
Q

What are forensic purposes?

A

Assessment of microscopic trauma

Skeletal observation without defleshing/destroying

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3
Q

What are imaging techniques?

A

2D and 3D

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4
Q

What are 2D techniques?

A

Plane plate radiography
Modified plane plate radiography
Ultrasonography

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5
Q

What are 3D techniques?

A 
Computed tomography (CT)
MRI
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6
Q

What are 3D imaging systems based on?

A

2D image capture

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7
Q

What is each slice comprised of?

A

Pixels

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8
Q

What is 3D data comprised of?

A

Voxels

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9
Q

Resolution =

A

Pixel/voxel

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10
Q

Why is radiography useful clinically?

A

Cheap, fast and low radiation dosage

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11
Q

What is difficult about radiography?

A

Difficult to make accurate measurements

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12
Q

What is good about modern digital plates?

A

Reusable and can be processed instantly using a specialised reader and computer software

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13
Q

What is macro-radiography useful for?

A

Observing fine details

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14
Q

What do modern digital detectors allow?

A

Very high resolution images

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15
Q

What is based on x-ray radiography and digital detectors?

A

Computed Tomography

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16
Q

What does a CT do?

A

Measure the transmission of a thin beam of x-rays through a full scan of the body

17
Q

What is the attenuation coefficient?

A

Is a quantity that characterises how easily a material or medium can be penetrated by a beam of light, sound, particles or other energy or matter

18
Q

How is X-ray attenuation represented?

A

Hounsfield units

19
Q

What are the 4 radio densities of the hounsfield scale?

A

Air, fat, water and compact bone

20
Q

What has no supraimposition?

A

CT

21
Q

What are the pros of CT?

A

Availability, large gantry size and relatively quick scan and reconstruction

22
Q

What are the cons of CT?

A

Poor spatial resolution, streak artefacts associated with bone, higher radiation dose than radiography and relatively high running costs

23
Q

What is specifically designed for high-resolution imaging bone?

A

Micro CT

24
Q

What are the pros of micro CT?

A

Great quantification of structural indices which aid in explaining bone form
High spatial resolution
Good contrast in dry bone

25
Q

What are the cons of micro CT?

A

Gantry size does not allow for imaging of whole bones
Larger specimens result in lower resolution and loss of detail
Long scan and reconstruction time

26
Q

What is based on the excitation of hydrogen nuclei in water

A

Magnetic resonance imaging

27
Q

Micro MRI can be used on what?

A

Much smaller scale

28
Q

What can micro MRI be applied to?

A

Visualisation of trabecular bone

29
Q

What do bone minerals lack?

A

Free protons

30
Q

What are the pros of Micro MRI?

A

Good contrast between tissue types

Non ionising

31
Q

What are the cons of the Micro MRI?

A

Good but limited resolution for trabecular analysis

Limited resonator size

Lengthy scan time

32
Q

What is virtopsy?

A

Implementation of modern imaging techniques to augment current examination techniques or offer alternative means of analysis

33
Q

What are the two reasons for imaging bone?

A

Clinical Investigations and Research Purposes

34
Q

What are the research purposes?

A

Investigation bone structure

Cortical and Trabecular bone

Research Methods (2 decks)

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